Study Set Content:
Non-ionic
Spans (sorbitan) - ?
- Tweens (POE sorbitans) - ?
- Cetomacrogol - O/W
Polymeric
Pluronics (poloxamers) - O/W
Fatty amphiphiles
Cetyl alcohol
- Stearic acid
HLB meaning
Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance
1-3
Anti-foaming
3-6
Emulsifiers W/O
7-9
Wetting agents
8-18
Emulsifiers O/W
15-20
Solubilizers
13-16
Detergents
cohesive forces among liquid molecules are responsible for the phenomenon of surface tension. The molecules well inside the liquid are attracted equally in all directions by the other molecules. The molecules on the surface experience an inward pull.
surface tension theory
assumes monomolecular layers of emulsifying agent curved around a droplet of the internal phase of the emulsion depending on the solubility of these agents in that particular liquid
oriented wedge theory
places the emulsifying agent at the interface between the oil and water, surrounding the droplets of the internal phase as a thin layer of film adsorbed on the surface of the drops.
Plastic or Interfacial Film Theory
Surface Tension Theory
Oriented-Wedge Theory
Plastic or Interfacial Film Theory
METHODS OF MAKING EMULSIONS
1. Continental / Gum Method
2. English or Wet Gum method (no fixed ratio)
3. Bottle or Forbes Bottle Method
4. In-situ soap Metho
ratio of dry gum method
(4:2:1 O:W:G method)
volatile oils, liquid petrolatum (mineral oil), and linseed oil usually require a
 3:2:1 or 2:2:1 ratio
Continental or dry gum method uses
Dry Wedgewood or porcelain mortar
