Study Set Content:
may elicit inflammation by themselves or because they cause traumatic tissue injury or carry microbes
Foreign Bodies
are reactions in which the normally protective immune system damages the individual’s own tissues
Immune reactions/Hypersensitivity
The inflammation is induced largely by
Cytokines produced by T lymphocytes
the initiating step in inflammatory reactions.
Recognition of microbial components or substances released from damaged cells
Cells express receptors in the plasma membrane
Extracellular
cell express receptors in the endosomes
Ingested Microbes
Cells express receptors in cytosol
intracellular
The best defined of these receptors belong to the family; (cellular receptors)
Toll-like receptors
The receptors are expressed on many cell types including:
Epithelial cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and leukocytes
recognize diverse molecules that are liberated or altered as a consequence of cell damage.
Cytosolic receptors such as NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
All cells have cytosolic receptors, such as NOD-like receptors (NLRs), that recognize diverse molecules that are liberated or altered as a consequence of cell damage.
Sensors of cell damage
Molecules that are recognized by cytosolic receptors include:
Uric acid, ATP, reduced intracellular K+ concentrations,
The receptors activate a multiprotein cytosolic complex called ____, which induces the production of cytokine interleukin-1
inflammasome
In addition to directly recognizing microbes, many leukocytes express receptors for the Fc tails of antibodies and for complement proteins
Other cellular receptors involved in inflammation.
reacts against microbes and produces mediators of inflammation
complement system
recognizes microbial sugars and promotes ingestion of the microbes and the activation of the complement system.
mannose-binding lectin
Acute inflammation has three major components:
- dilation of small vessels
- increased permeability of the microvasculature
- emigration of leukocytes from the microcirculation
an extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration and contains cellular debris
exudate
a fluid with low protein content (most of which is albumin), little or no cellular material, and low specific gravity.
Transudate
an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma that is produced as a result of osmotic or hydrostatic imbalance across the vessel wall without an increase in vascular permeability
Transudate
