Passage For Question 10 to 15
The discoveries of the white dwarf, the neutron star, and the black hole, coming well after the
discovery of the red giant are among eh most exciting developments in decades because they may
be well present physicists with their greatest challenge since thefailure of classical mechanics. In the
life cycle of the star, after all of the hydrogen and helium fuel has been burned, the delicate balance
between the outer nuclear radiation.pressure and the stable gravitational force becomes disturbed
and slow contraction begins. As compression increases, a very dense plasma forms. If the initial star
had mass of less than 1.4 solar masses (1.4 times the mass of our sun), the process ceases at the
density of 1,000 tons per cubic inch, and the star becomes the white dwarf. However, if the star was
originally more massive, the white dwarf plasma can’t resist the gravitations pressures, and in rapid
collapse, all nuclei of lthe star are converted to a gas of free neutrons. Gravitational attraction
compresses this neutron gas rapidly until a density of 10 tons per cubic inch is reached; at this point
the strong nuclear force resists further contraction. If the mass of the star was between 1.4 and a few
solar masses, the process stops here, and we have a neutron star. But if the original star was more
massive than a few solar masses, even the strong nuclear forces cannot resist the gravitational
orunch. The neutrons are forced into one another to form heavier hadrons and these in turn coalesce
to form heavier entities, of which we as yet know nothing. At this point, a complete collapse of the
stellar mass occurs; existing theories predict a collapse to infinite density and infinitely small
dimensions Well before this, however, the surface gravitational force would become so strong that no
signal could ever leave the star - any photon emitted would fall back under gravitational attraction
–
and the star would become black hole in space. This gravitational collapse poses a fundamental
challenge to physics. When the most widely accepted theories predict such improbable things as
infinite density and infinitely small dimensions, it simply means that we are missing some vital insight.
This last happened in phys
ics in the 1930’s, when we faced the fundamental paradox concerning
atomic structure. At that time, it was recognized that electrons moved in table orbits about nuclei in
atoms. However, it was also recognized that if charge is accelerated, as it must be to remain in orbit,
it radiates energy; so, theoretically, the electron would be expected eventually to spiral into the
nucleus and destroy the atom. Studies centered around this paradox led to the development of
quantum mechanics. It may well be that an equivalent t advance awaits us in investigating the
theoretical problems presented by the phenomenon of gravitational collapse.
Question 10
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. offer new explanations for the collapse of stars.
B. explain the origins of black holes, neutron stars, and white dwarfs.
C. compare the structure of atoms with the structure of the solar system.
D. explain how the collapse of stars challenges accepted theories of physics.
E. describe the imbalance between radiation pressure and gravitational force.
Correct Answer : D
Question 11
According to the passage, in the final stages of its devedlopment our own sun is likely to take
the form of a
A. white dwarf
B. neutron star
C. red giant
D. gas of free neutrons
E. black hole