Passage For Question 10 to 15
In strongly territorial birds such as the indigo bunting, song is the main mechanism for securing g,
defining, and defending an adequate breeding are. When population density is high, only the
strongest males can retain a suitable area. The weakest males do not breed or are forced to nest on
poor or marginal territories.During the breeding season, the male indigo bunting sings in his territory;
each song lasts two or three seconds with a very short pause between songs, Melodic and rhythmic
characteristics are produced by rapid changes in sound frequency and some regularity of silent
periods between sounds. These modulated sounds form recognizable units, called figures, each of
which is reproduced again and again with remarkable consistency. Despite the large frequency range
of these sounds and the rapid frequency changes that the birds makes, the n umber of figures is very
limited. Further, although we found some unique figures in different geographical populations, more
than 90 percent of all Indigo bunting figures are extremely stable on the geographic basis . In our
studies of isolated buntings we found that male indigo buntings are capable of singing many more
types of figures than they usually do. Thus, it would seem that they copy their figures from other
buntings they hear signing.Realizing that the ability to distinguish the songs of one species from those
of another could be an important factor in the volition of the figures, we tested species recognition of a
song. When we played a tape recording of a lazuli bunting or a painted bunting, male indigo bunting
did not respond; Even when a dummy of male indigo bunting was placed near the tape recorder.
Playing an indigo bunting song, however, usually brought an immediate response, making it clear that
a male indigo bunting can readily distinguished songs of its own species from those of other
species.The role of the songs figures in interspecies recognition was then examined. We created
experimental songs composed of new figures by playing a normal song backwards, which changed
the detailed forms of the figures without altering frequency ranges or gross temporal features. Since
the male indigos gave almost a full response to the backward song, we concluded that a wide range
of figures shapes can evoke positive responses. It seems likely, therefore, that a specific configuration
is not essential for interspecies recognition, but it is clear that song figures must confirm to a particular
frequency range, must be within narrow limits of duration, and must be spaced at particular
intervals.There is evident that new figures may arise within a population through a slow process of
change and selection. This variety is probably a valuable adaptation for survival: if every bird sang
only a few types of figures, in dense woods or underbrush a female might have difficulty recognizing
her mate’s song and a male might not be able to distinguished a neighbor from a stranger. Our
studies led us to conclude that there must be a balance between song stability and conservatism,
which lead to clear-cut species recognition, and song variation, which leads to individual recognition.
Question 10
The primary purpose of passage is to
1. raise new issues
2. explain an enigma
3. refute misconceptions
4. reconcile differing theories
5. analyze a phenomenon
Correct Answer : E