Passage for Question 10 to 15
Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau,
Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman share certain beliefs. Common to all these writers is their
humanistic perspective. Its basic premises are that humans are the spiritual center of the universe
and that in them alone is the clue of the nature, history and ultimately the cosmos itself. Without
denying outright the existenced either of a deity or of brute matter, this perspective nevertheless
rejects them as exclusive principles of interpretation and prefers to explain humans and the world in
terms of humanity itself. This preference is expressed most clearly in the Transcendentalist principle
that the structure of the universe literally duplicates the structure of the individual self: therefore, all
knowledge begins with self-knowledge. This common perspective is almost always universalized. Its
emphasis is not upon the individual as a particular European or American, but upon the hyuman as
universal, freed from the accidents of time, space, birth and talent. Thus, for Emerson, the
"American Scholar turns out to be simply "Main Tinking; while, for Whitman, the "Song of Myself
merges imperceptibly into a song of all the "children of Adam:, where "every atom belonging to me
as good belongs to you. Also common to all five writers is the belief that individual virtue and
happiness depends upon the self-realization, which, in turn, depend upon the harmonious
reconciliation of two universal psychological tendencies: first, the self-asserting impulse of the
individual to withdraw; to remain unique and separate, and to be responsible only to himself or
herself, and second, the self-transcending impulse of the individual to embrace the whole world in
the experience of a single moment and to know and become one with that world. These conflicting
impulses can be seen in the democratic ethic. Democracy advocates individualism, he preservation
of the individual's free-dom and self-expression. But the democratic self is torn between the duty to
self, which is implied by the concept of liberty, and the duty to society, which is implied by the
concept of equality and fraternity. A third assumption common to the five writers is that intuition
and imagination offer a surer road to truth than does abstract logic or scientific method. It is
illustrated by their emphasis upon the introspection-their belief that the clue to external nature is to
be found in the inner world of individual psychology and by their interpretation of experience as, in
essence, symbolic. Both these stresses presume an organic relationship between the self and the
cosmos of which only intuition and imagination can properly take account. These writers' faith in the
imagination and in themselves as practitioners of imagination led them conceive of the writer as a
seer and enabled them to achieve supreme confidence in their own moral and metaphysical insights.
Question 10
The author's discussion of Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman is primarily
concerned with explaining.
A.
some of their beliefs about the difficulties involved in self-realization
B.
some of their beliefs concerning the world and the place that humanity occupies in the
universal order
C.
some of their beliefs concerning the relationship between humanism and democracy
D.
the way some of their beliefs are shaped by differences in temperament and literary
outlook.
E.
the effects of some of their beliefs on their writings
Correct Answer : B