Study Set Content:
Drugs administered by inhalation bypass the hepatic
first-pass effect, the (blank) may also serve as a site of
first-pass loss by excretion and possibly metabolism
for drugs administered by non-gastrointestinal
(“parenteral”) routes.
lung
Drug effects are directly related to plasma
concentrations, but this does not necessarily mean
that effects simply (blank) the time course of
concentrations.
parallel
Because the relationship between drug
concentration and effect is not linear the effect will
not usually be (blank) to the
concentration.
linearly proportional
Changes in drug effects are often delayed in relation
to changes in plasma concentration.
DELAYED EFFECTS
This delay may reflect the time required for the drug
to distribute from plasma to the (blank)
site of action.
The delay due to distribution is a pharmacokinetic
phenomenon that can account for delays of a
few minutes
A common reason for more delayed drug effects—
especially those that take many hours or even days
to occur:
The (blank)
that is involved in the expression of the drug
effect.
slow turnover of a physiologic substance
For example, warfarin works as an (blank)
by inhibiting vitamin K epoxidase (VKOR) in the
liver.
anticoagulant
This action of warfarin occurs rapidly, and
inhibition of the enzyme is closely related to
plasma concentrations of
warfarin
The clinical effect of warfarin, eg, on the
(blank), reflects a
decrease in the concentration of the
prothrombin complex of clotting factors.
Inhibition of VKOR decreases the synthesis of
these clotting factors.
international normalized ratio (INR)
The antidote for warfarin poisoning is
vitamin K
Some drug effects are more obviously related to a
cumulative action than to a rapidly
reversible one
The renal toxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics (eg,
gentamicin) is greater when administered as a
(blank) than with intermittent dosing.
constant infusion
IV set-up which is connected all the
time (infusion- treatment through a vein)
Constant infusion
Constant infusion
Constant dose
- infused continuously
– it is not permanently attached to an IV
set-up
Intermittent dosing
Intermittent dosing
If a drug is infused intermittently, that drug is added in small
amounts and only infused in a prescribed time interval (eg,
every 30 minutes)
- not continuous
It is the accumulation of aminoglycoside in the renal
cortex that is thought to cause
renal damage
Even
though both dosing schemes produce the same
average steady-state concentration, the intermittent
dosing scheme produces much
higher peak
concentrations,
Even
though both dosing schemes produce the same
average steady-state concentration, the intermittent
dosing scheme produces much higher peak
concentrations, which (blank) an uptake
mechanism into the cortex;
saturate
