Regulation of the Coronary Blood Flow
1)
Autoregulation:
When BP is elevated, BF initially rises – then returns toward the control level and vice
versa. Functioning mechanism in the range 70-170 mmHg.
Explanation:
Myogenic hypothesis: the response is due to altered stretch of the smooth muscle in the
wall of CA.
2) Neural: ANS
a) The sympathetic nerve fibres – NE – alpha adrenergic receptors – vasoconstriction.
b) The parasympathetic n. vagus – Ach – mild vasodilatation.
3) Humoral:
a) Oxygen – extraction of O
2
in coronary bed is nearly complete.
Dif. a-v
O2
= 12 Vol. % - the highest in the body.
A decrease in PaO
2
– vasodilation (adenosine)
b) An increase in PaCO
2
and decrease in pH – vasodilatation
Vasodilators:
- Adrenaline (epinephrine) – (beta 2 receptors)
- Adenosine – a metabolic product of ATP breakdown
- Prostaglandins: Prostacyclin (PGI
2
) and PGE
2
- Calcium antagonists ( e.g. Verapamil)
- NO -
EDRF – endothelial derived relaxing factor – a substance released by endothelial
cells – in response to increasing BF
Nitroglycerine
Vasoconstrictors
- Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
- Vasopressin
- Angiotensin II.
- Ergonovine – used for provocation f coronary spasm in dg. of insufficiency coronary
bed.
Inadequate coronary BF and coronary heart diseases
1-st situation: coronary arteries are narrowed but not completely occluded. Coronary BF is
adequate to supply the resting metabolic needs of the myocardium but when O
2
demands are
increased (exercise) – the blood supply becomes insufficient = ischemia – with a clinical
syndrome – angina pectoris.
2-nd situation: Abrupt obstruction of a coronary artery produces within 1-2 min loss of
contraction in the involved region. If sustained beyond 40 min – it produces necrosis =
acute myocardial infarction.