Regulation of the skin BF
Autoregulation
Nervous: Sympathetic nerves: The increase of the sympathetic nerve traffic –
- vasoconstriction and vice versa. Vasoconstrictory tone.
Local axon reflexes:
Impulses initiated in sensory nerves (by injury) are relayed antidromically down by other
branches of the sensory nerve fiber. The only one situation – antidromic conduction.
Humoral: - Histamine and H-like substances – H
1
– receptors – vasodilatatioin
- Bradykinin – sweat glands – kalikrein – effects on plasma proteins – bradykinin –
vasodilatation
- Serotonin, NE – vasoconstriction
Tests of the skin vascular reactibility
A) White reaction: the mechanical stimulation (pointed object is drawn lightly over the skin) –
a pale line – due to contractions of the precapillary sphincters (in 10-15 s).
B) Tripple response: the skin attacked more strongly
1) Red reaction (in 10 s) – capillary dilatation
2) Swelling (local edema) increased permeability of the capillaries – histamine, H-
substances
3) Difuse reddening around the injury – arterial dilatation – axon reflexes.
Pulmonary Circulation
Morphology:
Circulation in series to the systemic circulation. The pulmonary vessels are
short and have large diameter.The walls are thin and distensible.
Physiology
Flow: CO RV – 5.5 l/min; Velocity – 40 cm/s;
BF – is much more pulsatile than is systemic circulation (low arteriolar resistance)
Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio
Differences in various parts of the lungs.
Pressure: PA = 25/10 mm Hg. Mean = 15 mm Hg.
Pulmonary capillary pressure = 7-10 mm Hg.
Resistance: low – 2-3 mm/l/min
Volume of blood: 1 l of the blood in pulmonary bed – only about 75-100 ml is in the pulmonary
capillaries. SV = 70 ml – all the capillary blood is replaced at each heart beat.
The increase of the volume after deep inspirium, in horizontal position. Reservoir function.
Distribution of blood flow in pulmonary circulation
The hydrostatic pressure of the blood within the pulmonary capillaries influences BF in different
regions of the lungs. At the top of the lungs is little flow – in the lowest point in the lungs is max.