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During the construction of phylogenetic systems, most botanists 

diagrammed relationship as branches of a tree or something 

comparable

In the last 30 years, these systems have evolved and are presented in a 
new format, what we call 

cladograms

(literally stem diagrams)

Cladograms are based on percentages of similarity, so that many groups 
don’t necessarily form a family, genus, or species—intermediate states 
exist. We still don’t know the best way of naming these groups

Cladistics (the study of plants) is now computer generated, with dozens 
(possibly hundreds) of obvious and microscopic traits used to create 
degrees of relationship

Contributing to these cladograms is input from the realms of genes—
certain genes are followed between groups, and the more they diverge, 
the less related they are

Such traits are now turning old concepts on their heads

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PLANT TAXONOMY (Identification, classification and description of plants)

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