The powders which absorb moisture from the atmosphere are called hygroscopic powders. But
certain powders absorb moisture to such a great extent that they go into solution and are celled
deliquescent powders. Examples of such substances include ammonium citrate, pepsin,
phenobarbitone, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, potassium citrate, zinc chloride etc.
Such substances are usually supplied in granular from in order to expose less surface area to the
atmosphere. These powders should not be finely powdered. Such powders should be double wrapped.
In humid weather or when dealing with very deliquescent substances, for there wrapping in aluminium
foil or plastic cover is advisable.
Efflorescent powders
Some crystalline substances liberate water of crystallization wholly or partly on exposure to
humid atmosphere or during trituration and thus become wet or liquefy. Example of such substances
include caffeine, citric acid, ferrous sulphate etc. the difficulty may be overcome by using corresponding
anhydrous salt or an inert substance may be mixed with efflorescent substance before incorporating
with other ingredients.
Problems pertaining to efflorescent powder include: water liberated when the drug or chemical
is triturated may cause the powders to become damp or pasty. If water is released to the atmosphere
because of low relative humidity, the drug loses its crystallinity and becomes powdery. Water of
hydration is given off; a given weight of the resulting powder no longer contains the same amount of the
drug. Hence strategies for handling efflorescent powders includes: storage and dispense of these
powders in airtight containers. The anhydrous form of the drug may be substituted for the hydrate, but
be sure to make appropriate dose corrections.
Eutectic mixtures
:
These substances can be dispensed by two methods.
Dispense as separate set of powders with directions that one of each kind shall be taken as a
dose
An equal amount of any of inert absorbent like magnesium carbonate, light magnesium oxide
kaolin starch may be mixed with eutectic substance then blended together lightly with a spatula on a
sheet of paper. When in addition to liquefying substances, other ingredients also present, the liquefiable
substances should first be triturated together to form the eutectic mixture. Then the remaining
ingredients of the prescription are incorporated and mixed together.
Incorporation of liquids
In some powders along with solids; liquid ingredients are necessary to add. Proper distribution
of liquid in entire powder is necessary. In this case liquid is triturated with an equal weight of the
powder and then remaining powder is added in several portions with trituration. Adsorbent such as light
kaolin is incorporated to avoid this problem.