Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans
16
Square numbers
These numbers are clearly the squares of the integers
1, 4, 9, 16, and so on. Represented by a square of dots, they prove(?)
the well known formula
1 + 3 + 5 +
. . .
+ (2
n
−
1) =
n
2
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
3
5
7
9
11
Square Numbers
The
gnomon
is basically an architect’s template that marks off
”similar” shapes. Originally introduced to Greece by Anaximander,
it was a Babylonian astronomical instrument for the measurement of
time. It was made of an upright stick which cast shadows on a plane
or hemispherical surface. It was also used as an instrument to measure
right angles, like a modern carpenter’s square. Note the
gnomon
has
been placed so that at each step, the next odd number of dots is placed.
The
pentagonal
and
hexagonal
numbers are shown in the below.
Pentagonal Numbers
Hexagonal Numbers
Figurate Numbers of any kind can be calculated. Note that the se-