Study Set Content:
Silver/Silver Chloride The silver/silver chloride reference electrode is composed of a () wire, sometimes coated with a layer of solid (), immersed in a solution that is saturated with () and ()
silver, silver chloride, potassium chloride, silver chloride
The activity series allows us to predict the relative reactivity of different materials when used in oxidation-reduction processes.
Standard Hydrogen Electrode
he concentric space surrounding the measurement electrode is filled with KCl electrolyte and contains the internal reference system
Combination pH electrode
Polarimetry instrumentation
Polarimeter
is an instrument used to determine the angle through which planepolarized light has been rotated by a given sample.
Polarimeter
The sodium light with a wavelength of () is linearly polarized by means of a
589nm, polarizer
This light then passes through the sample solution to be observed through an
analyzer
Optically active substance rotates the
polarization plane
By measuring the() by means of the analyzer the concentration of the solution can now be calculated.
rotational angle
light source
polarizer
sample tube
analyzer
viewer
s a device through which only light waves oscillating in a single plane may pass.
polarizer
s the component of a polarimeter that allows the angle of rotation of plane-polarized light to be determined
analyzer
other parts
• Light source • Sample tube • Viewer
Polarimeters are used in a wide range of applications, from the determination of the () of ingredients in pharmaceuticals to the () of agri cultural products to the measurement of the () in beverages and candies
purity and concentration, maturity testing, sugar con tent
Uses of polarimetry
Food beverage and pharmaceutical industries
Steroids
Diuretics
Antibiotics
Narcotics
Vitamins
Analgesics
Amino acids
Essential oils
Polymers
Sugars
• Samples composed only of () , have no effect on the polarized light beam.
achiral molecules (e.g. water or hexane)
