Study Set Content:
amount of pain a patient can endure without interfering with normal functions
Pain tolerance
agents used to relieve the symptoms of angina pectoris. It includes nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers
Antianginal Agents
agents that are used to suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart. It includes acebutolol, amiodarone, flecainide, propranolol, verapamil, and lidocaine
Antiarrhythmic Agents
drugs used for the treatment of hypertension. It includes ACE inhibitors, alpha-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics
Antihypertensive Agents
– are a class of medications used to treat heart failure and certain irregular heartbeats. It includes deslanoside, digitoxin, and digoxin.
Cardiac Glycosides
Drugs that counteract the effect of histamine
Antihistamine
inhibit the effects of histamine released from mast cells and are used in the treatment of allergic disorders
. H1-Receptor Blockers
inhibit the secretion of gastric acid stimulated by histamine, pentagastrin, food, and insulin and are used in the treatment of peptic ulcer
H2-Receptor Blockers
Drugs that act on the cough control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex. They may be categorized as opioid, non-opioid or combination preparations. Although all opioid drugs have antitussive effects, only codeine and its derivative hydrocodone are used as antitussives. Non-opioid antitussive drugs are less effective.
Antitussives
Drugs that relieve the congestion produced when nasal blood vessels are dilated by infection, inflammation, or allergy, causing transudation of fluid into the tissue spaces.
Decongestatns
Drugs that loosen bronchial secretions causing the patient to cough up and spit out excessive mucus, breaking it down and thinning out the secretions.
Expectorant
have the ability to relieve pain, reduce fever and suppress inflammation. They provide rapid relief of symptoms, but they do not prevent joint damage or deter disease progression.
NSAIDS
elieves pain by binding to opioid receptors in CNS. These drugs act as agonists to produce the effect of analgesia. It gives relief for moderate to severe pain.
Opioids
– not exactly pain killing drugs but their anti-inflammatory actions can reduce pain
Corticosteroids
used for neurologic and psychiatric conditions but they can also relieve neuropathic pain, which occurs without any external pain triggers like heat or sharp pain.
Neurological Analgesia
njected into a nerve branch so that a certain part of the body becomes desensitized to pain
Anesthetics
relieves pain, discomfort and fever. It is a safe and effective analgesicantipyretic for muscular aches and pains caused by viral infection. Unlike salicylates, it does not cause gastric distress and does not interfere with clotting time. However, it does not have anti-inflammatory properties.
Paracetamol
1. Misuse of food additives like () in meat and meat products, caffeine in cola drinks, sulfur dioxide in dried fruits. 2. Use of non-permissible food additives such as () in noodles and snack foods, () in flour, sodium cyclamate in juice drinks. 3. Use of non-permissible food color such as () in candies and biscuits. 4. Presence of food contaminants such as () in peanut butter, corn-based snacks,() in soy sauce, () in marine products.
sodium nitrite and nitrate, borax, potassium bromate, Rhodamine B, aflatoxins, 3-MCPD, histamine
5. Presence of () in herbal food supplements. 6. Allergens in hotcake mix, ()in milk powder. 7. (), canned products, expired food products 8. Presence of
heavy metals, cyanide , Defective, microorganisms
Are the common cause of epidemic food-borne gastroenteritis
Food-borne bacteria and bacterial toxins
