Prepared by M.L. Thompson, Ph. D., Dept. of General Dentistry, Tufts Dental School
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17. A patient has been given a large volume of a certain local anesthetic
solution and subsequently develops cyanosis with
methemoglobinemia. Which of the following drugs most likely was
administered?
a. Procaine
b. Prilocaine
c. Dibucaine
d. Lidocaine
e. Mepivacaine
(b) strictly memorization
18. Use of prilocaine carries the risk of which of the following adverse
effects?
a. Porphyria
b. Renal toxicity
c. Gastric bleeding
d. Methemoglobinemia
(d) same as above but asked backwards. Methemoglobinemia
may result from a toluidine metabolite of prilocaine,
orthotoluidine.
19. The most probable cause for a serious toxic reaction to a local
anesthetic is
a. Psychogenic
b. Deterioration of the anesthetic agent
c. Hypersensitivity to the vasoconstrictor
d. Hypersensitivity to the local anesthetic
e. Excessive blood level of the local anesthetic
(e) Most toxic reactions of a serious nature are related to
excessive blood levels arising from inadvertent intravascular
injection. Hypersensitivity reactions (options b & c) are rare, but
excessive blood levels will induce toxic reactions like CNS
stimulation in most everyone. This is a case where option (e) is
the "best" answer, because it is more likely than the other
alternatives, which might be true, but are not as likely (e.g,
“most probable”) to happen.
20. High plasma levels of local anesthetics may cause
a. Inhibition of peristalsis
b. stimulation of baroreceptors resulting in severe hypotension
c. Inhibition of the vagus nerve to the heart
d. Depression of inhibitory neurons in the CNS
(d) Initially LAs inhibit central inhibitory neurons, which results in
CNS stimulation, which can proceed to convulsions. At higher
doses, they inhibit both inhibitory and excitatory neurons,
leading to a generalized state of CNS depression which can
result in respiratory depression and death.
20a. Unfortunately, you injected your lidocaine intra-arterially. The first
sign of lidocaine toxicity that might be seen in the patient would be
a. Elevated pulse rate
b. Sweating
c. CNS excitation
d. Cardiovascular collapse
e. CNS depression
(c) same question as above just worded differently. The intra-
arterial injection would result in the high plasma levels
mentioned in the previous question.
20. The first sign that your patient may be experiencing toxicity from too
much epinephrine would be
a. Cardiovascular collapse
b. Convulsions
c. Elevated pulse rate
d. Slurred speech
(c) it is a sympathomimetic after all. All the other reactions are
related to elevated lidocaine levels
20. Which disease condition would make the patient most sensitive to the
epinephrine in the local anesthetic?
a. Grave’s disease
b. Diabetes
c. HIV
d. Alcoholism
e. Schizophrenia
(a) Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disease that causes
hyperthyroidism – the resulting high levels of circulating thyroid
hormone result in a hypermetabolic state with heightened
sympathetic activity, which combined with injected epinephrine
could result in a hypertensive crisis.
21. Cardiovascular collapse elicited by a high circulating dose of a local
anesthetic may be caused by
a. Syncope
b. Vagal stimulation
c. Histamine release
d. Myocardial depression
e. Medullary stimulation
(d) Cardiovascular collapse is due to a direct action of the local
anesthetic on the heart muscle itself (LA's in toxic doses
depress membrane excitability and conduction velocity), thus
(d) is the correct answer. All of the other alternatives are indirect
ways to affect the heart.
22. The most serious consequence of systemic local anesthetic toxicity is
a. Vertigo
b. Hypertension
c. Hyperventilation
d. Post depressive central nervous system convulsions
e. Postconvulsive central nervous system depression
(e) Of the options listed, this is the one that will kill the patient,
which I guess makes it the most serious.
23. Hypotensive shock may result from excessive blood levels of each of
the following local anesthetics EXCEPT
a. Cocaine
b. Procaine
c. Lidocaine
d. Tetracaine
e. Mepivacaine
(a) All the listed local anesthetics except cocaine are
vasodilators, especially ester-ctype drugs such as proccaine
and the amide lidocaine. Cocaine is the only local anesthetic
that predictably produces vasoconstriction. Cocaine is also the
only local anesthetic to block the reuptake of NE into adrenergic
neurons, and thus potentiate the NE that has been released
from nerve endings
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