Prepared by M.L. Thompson, Ph. D., Dept. of General Dentistry, Tufts Dental School
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15
d. Inhibition of Na+, K+ ATPASE leading to increased calcium
influx
e. Decreasing the amount of calcium available for excitation-
contraction coupling
Answer is (d)- Remember, cardiac glycosides such as digoxin
are used in the treatment of congestive heart failure, which is
the failure of the heart to function adequately as a pump and
thus maintain an adequate circulation. Cardiac glycosides are
thought to act by altering calcium ion movement, with a desired
effect of increasing the force of contraction of the myocardium
(e.g. the inotropic effect). While several of the alternatives
involve calcium, the way digoxin does it is via (d), inhibition of
Na+, K+ ATPase, resulting in an increase of calcium ion influx
into the cardiac cells, and a subsequent enhancement of the
contractile mechanism. (a) is the way epinephrine works.
26. Digitoxin is effective in the treatment of cardiac failure because it
a. Is primarily a diuretic
b. Reduces the ventricular rate
c. Decreases abnormal cardiac rhythms
d. Produces peripheral vasoconstriction
e. Has a positive cardiac inotropic action
(e)
27. The primary action of therapeutic doses of digitalis on cardiac muscle
is an increase in
a. Force of contraction
b. Ventricular excitability
c. Refractory period of the atrial muscle
d. Refractory period of the ventricular muscle
e. Rate of conduction of impulse to the muscle
(a)
28. The beneficial effects of digitalis in congestive heart failure result in
part from the fact that digitalis causes
a. A decrease in end-diastolic volume
b. A decrease in end-diastolic pressure
c. An increase in stroke volume and cardiac output
d. A decrease in central venous pressure
e. A decrease in rate of the hear where tachycardia exists
i.
(a), (b) and (c)
ii.
(a) and (c) only
iii. (c) and (d)
iv. (e) only
v. All of the above
(v)
29. The cardiac glycosides will increase the concentration of which ion in
an active heart muscle?
a.
Sodium
b.
Bromide
c.
Calcium
d.
Chloride
e.
Potassium
(c)
30. Which of the following ions augments the inotropic effect of digitalis?
a.
Sodium
b.
Lithium
c.
Calcium
d.
Chloride
e.
Magnesium
(c)
31. In the treatment of congestive heart failure, digitalis glycosides
generally decrease all of the following EXCEPT
a. Edema
b. Urine flow
c. Heart size
d. Heart rate
e. Residual diastolic volume
(b)
Adrenergic Agents
32. The mechanism of action of prazosin, an antihypertensive agent is to
a. Block beta-adrenergic receptors
b. Inhibit formation of angiotensin II
c. Inhibit nerve-induced release of norepinephrine
d. Stimulate central inhibitory alpha-adrenergic receptors
e. Inhibit the postsynaptic action of norepinephrine on vascular
smooth muscle
(e)
33. Which of the following owes a significant amount of its
antihypertensive effect to a central action?
a. Methyldopa
b. Metoprolol
c. Hydralazine
d. Propranolol
e. Guanethidine
(a) All of these drugs are used to treat hypertension, but act by
different mechanisms. (a), methyldopa, is the drug with central
action- it alters CNS control of blood pressure by acting on
cardioregulatory and vasomotor systems of the brain by
stimulating alpha2 receptors in the brain stem. Clonidine is the
usual drug that is involved in this particular question. (b)
metropolol is a selectively blocks beta-1 receptors in the heart to
reduce cardiac output. (c) hydralazine has a direct action on
vascular smooth muscle to reduce hypertension via
vasodilation. (d) propranolol blocks beta receptors in the heart,
while (e) guanethidine prevents the release and causes
depletion of catecholamines taken up into storage vesicles and
is released like a false transmitter. It does not cross the blood-
brain barrier.
34. Which of the following drugs is thought to reduce arterial blood
pressure by activating alpha receptors in the vasomotor center of the
medulla?
a. Prazosin
b. Clonidine
c. Propranolol
d. Guanethidine
e. Chlorothiazide
(b)- see above explanation
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