Study Set Content:
Build a new molecule ➢ Energy-requiring ➢ Example: ADP + P→ ATP
Synthesis Reaction:
➢ Break down molecule ➢ Energy-releasing ➢ Example: ATP→ADP + P
Decomposition reaction
➢ Combination of synthesis and decomposition reactions ➢ Example: AB→ CD→AC + BD ➢ Example: HCl→NaOH→NaCl + H20
Exchange Reaction:
Occur when the reaction can run in the opposite direction, so that the products are converted back to the original reactants. CO2 + H2O ⇆ H+ HCO3
Reversible reactions
when the rate of product formation equals the rate of reaction formation
equilibrium
The capacity to do work.
Energy
The moving of matter.
Work
Energy in motion.
Kinetic Energy
Stored energy.
Potential Energy
A form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds.
Chemical bonds
If the potential energy of the reactants is less than that of a product, energy input is
needed
If the potential energy of the reactants is more than that of the products, energy input is
released
An example of a reaction that releases energy is the breakdown of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (a phosphate group). ATP→ADP + Pi + energy used by cells
An example of a reaction that releases energy is the breakdown of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (a phosphate group). ATP→ADP + Pi + energy used by cells
An example of a chemical reaction that uses energy is the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate), Pi (a phosphate group), and food molecules, such as glucose, which contain potential energy. ADP + Pi + energy from food → ATP
An example of a chemical reaction that uses energy is the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate), Pi (a phosphate group), and food molecules, such as glucose, which contain potential energy. ADP + Pi + energy from food → ATP
The rate at which a chemical reactions proceeds is influenced by several factors
Reactant ● Catalyst ● Concentration of the reactants: within limits the higher the concentration of reactants the faster the rate ● Temperature: within limits, the higher the temperature the faster the rate
a proton H+ donor
pH below 7 Example: HCl (hydrophilic acid)
Acid:
a proton H+ acceptor ● pH above 7 Example: NaOH (sodium hydroxide)
Base
indicates the H+ concentration of a solution.
pH scale
Has an equal number of H+ and OH- and thus a pH of 7.
Neutral solution
Has a greater concentration of H+ than OH- and thus a pH less than 7.
Acidic solution
