Study Set Content:
Hair cosmetics and shampoos, in particular are formulated to be n()()() to the hair, skin, and eyes.
nontoxic, nonirritant, and non-damaging
These formula should not of course, include o Substances that are systemically toxic following their () absorption
percutaneous
The integrity of the cuticle is degraded by perming, bleaching, and permanent dyeing, which lead to raising and softening of the cuticle thereby making it vulnerable to ()
mechanical abrasion
may be under excessive physical traction determined by fashion
scalp hair
ight rollers and tight hairstyles. This can result in temporary hair loss, and if continued over a long period will result in
permanent hair loss
Many cosmetic compounds target the skin rather than the hair. Antidandruff and antiseborrheic cosmetic compounds target the (), not the scalp hair.
scalp
Many other cosmetics intend to modify the hair/skin system, o Example: Preshave and aftershave lotions, along with depilatories, where the effect on hair is always associated with some effect on the
skin
Ideally, hair cosmetics should not have contact with the skin, but in practice this is hardly
achievable
In some procedures, such as hair dyeing and hair bleaching, skin contact is unnecessary to perform the procedure itself but hardly () during such a procedure.
avoidable
re produced by reacting a fatty alcohol with either chlorosulfonic acid or sulfur trioxide
Alkyl sulfates
The acid ester formed requires () to prevent it splitting to the original fatty alcohol and sulfuric acid
neutralization
The acid ester formed requires neutralization to prevent it splitting to the original fatty alcohol and sulfuric acid. ()()()()are commonly used bases.
Sodium hydroxide, triethanolamine, monoethanolamine, ammonia and magnesium carbonate
The () length of the original fatty alcohol affects solubility, foaming, detergency, and irritation potential of the resulting alkyl sulfate.
carbon chain
The manufacturing process for alkyl ether sulfates is similar to that for alkyl sulfates, but an () is used.
ethoxylated fatty alcohol
The choice of base for neutralization is the same. The number of () of ethylene oxide in the resulting alkyl ether sulfate will affect foam, viscosity and mildness:
molecules
are very mild, with good foaming and detergent properties.
Sulfosuccinic acid mono esters
are superior for their wetting properties
Sulfosuccinic acid di-esters
Since they are sensitive to hydrolysis and are difficult to structure they tend to be used in conjunction with () to produce mild shampoos.
alkyl ether sulfates
These are materials that have other interesting properties for the shampoo formulator, other than foam potential and detergency
Isothionates, taurides and sarcosinates
are exceptionally mild to skin and eyes, and are particularly tolerant to hard water.
Isothionates
