Study Set Content:
Materials in this class are not usually the major ingredient of a shampoo. They are important, however, as co-surfactants, rheology modifiers and solubilizers for insoluble components such as fragrance oils.
Nonionics
These are formed by reacting a fatty acid with an alkanolamine, usually monoethanolamine or diethanolamine, to produce the corresponding
Fatty acid alkanolamides
The major use is to modify() and to control foam () and quantity. They have largely been superceded by amphoterics in modern formulations.
rheology, consistency
These are obtained by reacting a tertiary amine with hydrogen peroxide. They have similar uses to the fatty acid alkanolamides.
Fatty amine oxides
hese are formed by condensing fatty alcohols with starch. The ratio of starch to fatty alcohol can be varied such that foam properties and detergency can be controlled.
Alkylpolyglucosides
It should be noted that when these materials are based on natural fatty acid the whole molecule is derived from natural, renewable sources. They have low toxicity, low irritation and are readily biodegradable
Alkylpolyglucosides.
These are defined as having both anionic and cationic charges in the hydrophilic head
Amphoterics
The negative group is usually () and the positive group().
carboxylic, amino
In () solutions the anionic function predominates whilst in acidic solutions the () function predominates.
alkaline, cationic
The isoelectric point lies between the two extremes at a position where the two charges are equal. The molecule at this point is called a (), and does not behave as a surfactant.
zwitterion
Raising or lowering the pH allows the molecule to regain its
surfactant properties
are compatible with all classes of surfactants. In combination with anionics, beneficial effects on foam and viscosity can be demonstrated and there is also a synergistic effect on mildness
Amphoterics
They have a very low irritation potential and are utilized in baby or other mild shampoo systems.
Imidazoline derivatives
Imidazoline derivatives he more commonly used dimidazoline derivatives are
cocoamphocarboxyglycinate and cocoamphoacetate.
These materials are used as cosurfactants. They have the ability to modify rheology and foam character, whilst conferring mildness through their synergistic effects
Alkylamidobetaines and alkylbetaines
The surfactants in this group are normally incompatible with anionics, and, therefore, are unlikely to be used in shampoo systems.
Cationics
Throughout recorded history, () has always been an important element of personal adornment. From the beautifully regular beard curls of the Assyrian kings to the elegant haircuts of Egyptian pharaohs to the carefully coiffured wigs of the European nobility,() has been shown, admired, and envied.
hair
¨ The attempt to satisfy the genuine needs of the consumer and the drive for competitive advantage among marketers has led to a variety of grooming aids and products, such as () to cleanse the hair, () to make it soft and combable, ()and permanent waves to impart to hair properties it does not have, and () to keep hair in the desired style. Hair products are in the cosmetic category and, as such, are subject to all laws and regulations that control the labeling and claims of all cosmetic products.
shampoos, hair conditioners, hair colorants , hair sprays
is clearly a dominant element of personal hygiene and, when reinforced by the aspect of attractive appearance, translates into a powerful and highly marketable stimulus.
Shampoo cleansing
t should also be kept in mind that although cleansing action is the fundamental assignment of a shampoo formulation, it is by no means the
only goal
