HCl,
pH adjuster
Citric acid
Buffer
H2SO4
pH adjuster
citric acid
pH adjuster
Na citrate/acetate/lactate/phosphate
Buffer
Na hydroxide/bicarbonate/citrate
pH adjuster
Tonicity adjusters o Adjusters can be
NaCl, mannitol, dextrose
Isotonicity required for IV, and ideal for subQ, ID, IM, intrathecal and intraocular
Tonicity adjusters
Suspending agent o For IM and IA injectable suspensions -
cellulose derivatives
polysorbates
Suspending agents
• autoclave
Steam or moist
under pressure
Steam or moist
oven
Dry heat
Millipore or sieve
Filtration
denaturation & coagulation of protein
Steam or moist
keeps things dry
Dry heat
physical removal
Filtration
dehydration then slow oxidation
Dry heat
for non-aqueous prep
Dry heat
NOT for oily prep and exposed powders
Steam or moist