Study Set Content:
We can rationally ask whether the legal rights of corporations also imply that these entities have
moral responsibilities
Moreover, to whom are corporations morally responsible:
- shareholders, employees, customers, or the community?
The principle of double effect was developed by (blank) in the Middle Ages to come to grips with the inevitable "spillage" of war
Christians
The basic thrust of the notion is that while the injury or death of innocents is always wrong, either may be excused if it was not the intended result of a given act of
war
The point is that acts of war may have more than
one effect
he intended effect is the injury or death of the legitimate
military target
the second effect is the (blank) injury or death to the innocent person whom it is always wrong to target (hence the term, double effect)
unintended
As long as acts of war do not target and thus intend the injury and death of innocents, they may be excused as
unintended or collateral losses.
The principle of double effect is complex and provokes
paradoxical difficulties
The use of nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, for example, may be said not to involve intending the injury or death of noncombatants, and thus the principle of double effect would justify hundreds of thousands o
injuries and deaths
Yet such casualties were foreseen. It is difficult to grasp the distinction between unintended yet
foreseen casualties
As it has evolved to the present, the western just war tradition is made up of two distinct but related themes
the jus ad bellum
the jus in bello
moral justification for going to war
jus ad bellum
moral guidelines for conduct in war.
jus in bello
Each involves several conditions to be satisfied. For a war to be considered just under this tradition, both the conditions which justify resorting to war and the conditions which justify conduct in war must be
met
The jus ad bellum, or justification for going to war, involves six distinct conditions:
(1) the cause must be just,
(2) a right authority must make the decision to go to war,
(3) groups going to war must do so with a right intention,
(4) war must be undertaken only as a last resort,
(5) the goal of the war must be a likely emergent peace, and
(6) the war must be proportionate, that is, the total evil of a just war cannot outweigh the good achieved by the war
introduces his concept of “Hedonic Calculus
Bentham
Bentham introduces his concept of “Hedonic Calculus” or
Felicific Calculus
measures pleasure and pain using what amounts to a formula (for a group, it measures intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity, fecundity, purity, and extent.).
Hedonic Calculus” or Felicific Calculus
This calculation allows a utility based decision to be made on virtually any
subject
