29. The following statements regarding the pancreatic hormones are true:
(1) insulin influences the liver, skeletal muscles, and the adipose tissue (2) insulin
decreases the blood glucose level (3) glucagon raises the blood glucose level (4) the
blood glucose level regulates the release of both insulin and glucagon
18. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Directions
: each of the following statements contains five suggested completions. Choose
the one that is best in each case.
1. The functions of the respiratory conducting passages are as follows, EXCEPT:
A
– air filtration (removal of particles); B – air conduction; C – warming of inspired air; D –
gas exchange; E
– moistening of inspired air.
2. The tracheal epithelium consists of the following cells, EXCEPT:
A
– goblet cells (mucus secreting); B – chief cells (enzyme-secreting); C – brush cells
(receptor cells); D
– small granule cells (endocrine cells); E – basal cells (stem cells).
3. Each of the following statements concerning the tracheal cartilages is true,
EXCEPT:
A
– are C-shaped structures; B – consist of hyaline cartilaginous tissue; C – are stacked
on one another to form supporting structure; D
– tracheal muscles bridge the free ends of
each cartilage; E
– lack perichondrium.
4. The structure of the large bronchi and the middle bronchi are similar, EXCEPT:
A
– the epithelium is simple pseudostratified ciliated; B – the submucosa contains glands;
C
– the cartilaginous layer consists of large hyaline plates; D – the mucosa possesses the
muscularis mucosae; E
– the adventitia is composed of connective tissue.
5. Each of the following statements concerning the small bronchus is true, EXCEPT:
A
– contains small plates of elastic cartilage; B – lacks the submucosa and glands; C –
consists of the mucosa and adventitia; D
– the mucosa forms large folds; E – possesses
the well-developed muscularis mucosae.
6. Each of the following statements concerning the terminal bronchiolar epithelium
is true, EXCEPT:
A
– transforms into simple cuboidal; B – ciliated cells decrease in number; C – goblet cells
are absent; D
– brush cells and granule cells are prevalent; E – Clara cells increase in
number.
7. Each of the following statements concerning type II alveolar cells is true,
EXCEPT:
A
– are cuboidal cells bulging into the air space; B – cover about 95% of the alveolar
surface; C
– are surfactant-secreting cells; D – their apical cytoplasm is filled with lamellar
bodies; E
– their lamellar bodies are rich in phospholipids.
8. Each of the following statements concerning the surfactant is true, EXCEPT:
A
– forms the phospholipid layer over the alveolar epithelium; B – reduces surface tension
at the air-epithelium interface; C
– appears from lamellar bodies of alveolar cells by
exocytosis; D
– its adequate secretion prevents alveolar collapse on exhalation; E – is
produced by type I pneumocytes.
9. On exhalation the alveoli diminish in size due to the presence in the alveolar
septum of:
A
– smooth muscle cells; B – collagen fibres; C – elastic fibres; D – fibroblasts; E –
pericytes.
10. Each of the following statements concerning the air-blood barrier is true,
EXCEPT: