This collection will review the Importance Of Oral Pathology In Clinical Dentistry
This collection is useful for all dental students
European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine
ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 07, Issue 10, 2020
785
Importance Of Oral Pathology In Clinical
Dentistry
Dr. A.M. Sherene Christina Roshini, Dr.E.Rajesh, Dr.N.Aravindha Babu, Dr.N.Anitha
Post graduate student. Department of Oral pathology and Microbiology
Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital
Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research
ABSTRACT-
Dentists usually comes across hard and soft lesions of the oral cavity. Most commonly these conditions do
not have a diagnostic crisis for a dental surgeon. Still the dentistsare sometimes annoyed with a lesion
because of not only the challenging diagnosis but also about the choice of treatment. This review article
gives a systematic and logical approach for diagnosis of oral lesions which we come across in dental
practise.
Key words: Dental clinician, differential diagnosis, History, oral pathology.
INTRODUCTION
An oral pathologist needs a good knowledge about the oral lesions and conditions since it is a fundamental
requirement for a successful dental clinician. Usually majority of dentists detects caries or periodontitis which
are the two most common lesions of the oral cavity. Based on the diagnosis, treatment is planned. Treatment
plan becomes critical sometimes,because if reversible and irreversible pulpitis or a benign and a malignant
neoplasm were not distinguished properly. Role of pathology is imperative for diagnosing premalignant lesion
graded as mild, moderate or severe dysplasia and carcinoma in situ.
1
Preliminary diagnosis in dental practice is
based upon comprehensive and methodical history taking and observation of clinical features. Clinician
sometimes confirms the diagnosis through biopsy or other methods since they should never give a diagnosis
depending on insight or guesswork.
STEPS FOR DIAGNOSIS (six ‘C’s)
COLLECTION
CLASSIFICATION
COMPARISON
CLINICAL
IMPRESSION
CONFIRMATION
CONCLUSION
European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine
ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 07, Issue 10, 2020
786
STEP 1: COLLECTION
Information is collected through thorough history taking, which is usually neglected. It is a professional
responsibility for every clinician to know patient’s complete medical history since it may affect dental
treatment. Another importantthing is to take medication histories in order to prevent medication errors and
related risks to patients and also to detect drug-related clinical and/or pathological changes.
2
Although
diagnosis appears to be self-evident by inspection alone, existing diseases might be undetected and
untreated.
3
History taking promotes a good doctor-patient relationship and it also saves the necessity for
expensive laboratory procedures.
STEP 2: CLASSIFICATION
Oral lesions are categorized based upon:
Colour change (white, red, blue, pigmented or combined),
Loss of integrity of the mucous membrane (erosion, fissure, or ulcer, which may be primary or
secondary),
Growth or swelling,
Lesions involves tooth and/or bone, either alone or combined with other soft tissue lesions,
Syndrome
When an oral lesion is detected by a dentist, he/she should first try to categorize the lesion based on any of
these categories.
STEP 3: COMPARISON
Differential diagnosis plays a major role in diagnosing an oral lesion. Following factors are considered for
differential diagnosis:
Clinical appearance might predict the nature of the lesions.
Certain sites are common for some lesionse.g., Pyogenic granuloma is commonly seen in gingiva and
unlikely to be observed on floor of the mouth; Ranula is usually observed on the floor of the mouth
and is not on gingiva.
Palpation of the lesions provide an indication of the nature of the lesions.
European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine
ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 07, Issue 10, 2020
787
Colour of the lesionis very useful for detecting a lesion e.g., Leukoplakia (homogenous white lesion)
can be observed in persons who have tobacco consuming habit;Amalgam tattoo (pigmented lesion in
the gingiva due to faulty Class II amalgam restoration).
Radiographs are necessary for intrabony lesions for detecting whether it is radiolucent (for, e.g.,
ameloblastoma, keratocyst), radiopaque (for, e.g., osteoma, odontoma) or mixed (for, e.g.,
Pindborgtumor, Gorlin cyst). Certain lesions have a specific radiographic characteristic which helps in
diagnosise.g., cotton wool appearance of Paget disease, moth-eaten feature of osteomyelitis, sun-ray
manifestation of osteosarcoma, and ground glass appearance of fibrous dysplasia.
However, a dental clinician should not come to a diagnosis based on radiographic appearance only
because e.g., cotton wool appearance is not limited to Paget disease but can also observed in
condensing osteitis.
STEP 4: CLINICAL IMPRESSION
A dental clinician must correlate with history, age, gender, clinical characteristics (appearance, site, location,
signs and symptoms), radiological appearance and other possible causes before arriving to a definite
diagnosis.
EXAMPLES:
A white line on the buccal mucosa along the occlusal level is undoubtfully linea alba and it does not
need either investigations nor treatment.
Leukoedema - a bilateral white lesion on the mucosa which disappears while stretching buccal
mucosa. does not offer any difficulty in diagnosis. However, diagnosis is not always that simple.
Following flowchart gives a logical approach to a white lesion of the oral mucosa and diagnostic criteria for a
gingival growth or swelling.
Figure 1: Logical approach to a white lesion of the oral mucosa
European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine
ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 07, Issue 10, 2020
788
Figure 2: Gingival growth or swelling
STEP 5: CONFIRMATION
For some lesions even thoughthe dental clinician aredefiniteabout clinical diagnosis, confirmation is
necessary.
In certain situation, radiographs (intra oral periapical, orthopantomogram, or computed tomography
scan etc.,) or laboratory investigations (HIV testing, serum Ca and alkaline phosphatase levels,
haemoglobin estimation) or exfoliative cytology or biopsyare required for confirmation.
Dental Clinicianmay accomplish procedures like punch biopsy on their own. The following Table
tabulate oral lesions suitable for biopsy in general dental practice.
Table 1: ORAL LESIONS SUITABLE FOR BIOPSY IN GENERAL
DENTAL PRACTICE
Fibroma (fibroepithelial polyp, fibrous epulis, inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, irritation
fibroma)
Pyogenic granuloma
Peripheral giant cell granuloma
Papilloma Mucocele (with care not to rupture it)
Lichen planus (if diagnosis is unclear)
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ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 07, Issue 10, 2020
789
Larger lesions or suspicious malignancies need an incisional biopsy but smaller lesions < 1 cm should
be excised completely.
Tissue for biopsy should becollected carefully from a particular site of the lesion and it is placed in a
wide-mouthed container with 10% buffered formalin for fixation.
If it is a bloody specimen, then it must be washed in saline before placing in the fixative; the fixative
volume should be at least 10 times the volume of the specimen for optimal and rapid fixation.
4
Saline is not an alternative for formalin fixation. Some studies have expressed that if tissue for biopsy
is placed in saline for 1 hr, and then placed in formalin fixative, tissue distortion (cell vacuolization in
basal layer of epithelium and decreased cohesiveness of collagen fibres in the connective
tissue)occurs. Hence diagnosis appears to be problematic.
5
In case of immunofluorescence, two tissue samples are necessary for vesiculobullous lesions and/or
autoimmune disorders:
One in formalin for routine staining and
Other in Michel’s solution for direct immunofluorescence.
6
Container must be compactly sealed and properly labelled with patient’s name, age, gender and site.
In case biopsy has been taken from multiple sites, different bottles are used denoting the site (right or
left sides).
Then specimen should be handed over to an oral pathologist with relevant documents.
STEP 6: CONCLUSION
Dentistry is an art. Earlier diagnosis depends upon the history and clinical features. The dental clinician
should concentrate several causative factors and possible diagnostic factors – where clinician may require
collection of more information and in-depth clinical examination. At certain times, when there is no
correlation between clinical diagnosis and etiological factors or the laboratory results or radiological
investigations, the pathology (biopsy report) issues the final diagnosis.
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Kim S, Christopher L, Bancroft JD, editors. Bancroft’s Theory and Practice of Histological
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Sengupta S, Prabhat K, Gupta V, Vij H, Vij R, Sharma V. Artefacts produced by normal saline when
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