Sample paper 1
Passage For Question 1 to 9
"Most economists in the United states seem captivated by spell of the free market. Consequently,
nothing seems good ornormal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. A price
that is determined by the seller or for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of
consumers seems pernicious, Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price
– fixing (the
determination of prices by the seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable economic function. In
fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides,
as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that requires, Modern industrial
planning requires and rewards great size. Hence a comparatively small number of large firms will be
competing for the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own
needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly
recognized by advocates of free-markets economic theories. But each large firms will also act with full
consideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same
customers. Each large firm will thus avoid significant price cutting, because price cutting would be
prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-
fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements
among large firms; it is not. More over those economists who argue that allowing the free market to
operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered
the economies of non socialist countries other than the United States. These economies employ
intentional price-fixing usually in an overt fashion. Formal price fixing by cartel and informal price
fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are common place. Were there something
peculiarly efficient about the free market and inefficient about price fixing, the countries that have
avoided the first and used the second would have suffered drastically in their economic development.
There is no indication that they have. Socialist industry also works within a frame work of controlled
prices. In early 1970’s, the soviet union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in
adjusting prices that a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system. Economists in the
United States have hailed the change as a return to the free market.But Soviet firms are no more
subject to prices established by free market over which they exercise little influenced than are
capitalist firms.
Question 1
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. refute the theory that the free market plays a useful role in the development of industrialized
societies.
B. suggest methods by which economist and members of the government of the United States
can recognize and combat price-fixing by large firms.
C. explain the various ways in which industrialized societies can fix in order to stabilized the free
market
D. argue that price-fixing, in one form or another, is an inevitable part of and benefit to the
economy of any industrialized society.
E. Analysis of free markets in different economies
Correct Answer : E