Study Set Content:
Soaps cannot be used in hard water (high concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions) as they (blank) with the metal ions to form
Precipitate , scum
Uses
washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping
✓ surfactant (hand wash)
✓ lubricating
✓ thickener
✓ emulsifying agent
Hydrophilic end
Hydrophobic end
synthetic compounds that mimic the action of soaps.
Detergents
Detergents
hydrophilic heads
• hydrophobic tails
a soap sodium stearate
an anionic detergent
an anionic detergent
sodium p-dodecylbenzene sulfonate
Cationic detergent
Cationic detergent
hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride
nonionic detergent
nonionic detergent
di(ethylene glycol) dodecyl ether
polar head group
Nonpolar hydrocarbon tail
are detergent molecules that contain negatively charged heads.
Anionic detergents
Anionic detergents properties
Long, non-polar tail and an anionic head
Long, non-polar tail and an anionic head e.g.
sulfate ion (R–SO4–).
More effective than fat-derived soap as it creates more foam without compromising the cleaning ability of the surfactant.
Anionic detergents
Anionic detergents Usually not used for (blank) as they would remove too much oil from skin and hair.
personal hygiene
