a.
Environmental influences upon populations of organisms ( e.g. temperature influences
upon populations, effect of quantity of food supply, effect of moisture, effect of other
species –Interspecific interactions, effect of natural enemies, effect of
diseases/disease causing organisms or various combinations of these factors)
b.
The influence of members of the population upon each other (Intraspecific
Interactions) both favourable and adverse
Read on: population range, population growth rate, population limiting factors,
dispersion(spatial distribution), Survivorship curve
Define: Carrying Capacity, biotic potential, environmental resistance.
COMMUNITY LEVEL OF INTEGRATION IN ECOLOGY:
This is a sub discipline of ecology which studies the distribution, abundance, demography and
interactions between co-existing populations.
The community is a group of interacting populations in a particular habitat. It consists of an
assemblage of plants (Producers) and animals (Consumers)living in the same environment
and are mutually interdependent.
There is great diversity of species in a community and a diversity of physical environment.
N:B.
In a Community:
i.
Diversity is greatest among small organisms
ii.
Greatest in the tropics
iii.
Number decreases on a latitudinal gradient as we move from North to South.
PRODUCTIVITY/PRODUCTION IN ECOSYSTEMS:
Productivity or Production refers to the rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem. It is
usually expressed in units of mass per unit surface (or volume) per unit time, for instance
grams per square metre per day. The mass unit may relate to dry matter or to the mass of
carbon generated. It is a measurement of the rates of conversion of energy and nutrients into
growth.
There two major types:
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (Productivity of Autotrophs) and SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY
(Productivity of Heterotrophs)