the level of integration between the environment and the individual. It is experimental (field
and laboratory).
SYNECOLOGY: The study of groups of organisms i.e. community. It is descriptive but also can
be experimental with the aid of tools such as computer and radioactive tracers. It is
subdivided into aquatic and terrestrial; Terrestrial includes Desert, Grassland, Forest and
Aquatic includes Freshwater, Brackish and Marine water.
Through the concept of Tansley (1935) the divergence between autecology and synecology
were brought together. The concept states that “all organisms are interacting with one
another and also with the abiotic elements of their environment in an interrelated system.
This means that organisms and environment form a reciprocating system. There is a give and
take between these two systems with the action or inaction of one system having impact on
the other system.
From this concept therefore emanates three main levels of integration in ecology:
i.
Individual
ii.
Population – Communnity
iii.
Ecosystem
These are referred to as the basic units of ecology especially the ecosystem.
POPULATION: An aggregation of individuals of the same species in a continuous area which
contain no potential breeding barrier.
COMMUNITY: A group of interacting populations in a given habitat. Usually restricted to
organisms of similar size and life habits e.g tree community, insect community, bird
community, human community.
BIOME: Several interacting communities
ECOSYSTEM: abstraction of many separate ecosystems with similar characteristics.
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL OF INTEGRATION IN ECOLOGY:
ECOLOGICAL NICHE and HABITAT:
NICHE: The most widely accepted definition was one by Hutchinson (1957) – The NICHE is the
set of BIOTIC and ABIOTIC conditions in which a species is able to persist and maintain stable
population sizes. Two issues are recognizable from this definition (a) functional role of an
organism (b) its position in time and space.