Study Set Content:
• Antiseptice
• Polar solvent
• preservative
Ethanol
• Solvent
• Ingredient in glues
and nail polis
Ethyl Acetate
• Antiseptic
• Polar solvent
• Preservativ
Phenol
These are compounds that contain exactly the same number of atoms, have exactly the same empirical formula, but differ from
each other by the way in which the atoms are arranged.
Isomers
Also known as conformers
– Differ from one another by rotation around a single
bond.
Conformational Isomers
– Also known as constitutional isomer
– One or more organic compounds have the same
molecular formulas but different structures.
– Have the same chemical formula but different
molecules
– Example: 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpenta
Structural Isomers
– Are isomers in which the order of atom bonding is the
same but the arrangement of atoms in space is
different.
– cis isomer –molecules on the same side
– Trans isomer –molecules on opposite sides
– Example: 2-butene
Geometric Isomers
Have the same connectivity in their atoms but a
different arrangement in three-dimensional space.
Stereoisomers
– These are stereoisomers that are not geometric
isomers.
– Differ in the placement of substituted groups around
one or more atoms of the molecule.
– They are labeled Enantiomers or diastereomers.
Optical Isomers
–are non-superimposable mirror images.
– Example: your hands
– Objects that have non-superimposable mirror images
are called chiral.
Enantiomers
- non-mirror image optical isomers.
– Have different arrangement around one or more atoms
while some of the atoms have the same arrangement.
– Epimers –subgroup of diastereomers that differ at only
one location.
Diastereomers
A process of converting liquid to a
vapor (vaporization), condensing
the vapor (condensation), and
collecting the distillate in another
container.
Distillation
- will prevent superheating of the liquid being
distilled and they will cause a more controlled boil,
eliminating the possibility that the liquid in the distillation
flask will bump into the condenser.
Boiling chips
as the volume increases the
temperature
increases
The higher vapour pressure of the liquid,
the
lower the boiling point
used for separating two liquids in any
mixture, which have boiling points within a narrow range of
temperatures.
fractional distillation
used for separating liquids having BP differing by 10-20 degrees. The liquid having the lower BP, distills over first, and the other liquid component is left behind. Vaporization and condensation occur side by side
Simple Distillation
- Used for separating/purifying liquids, which
are immiscible with water, volatile in steam & have high vapor
pressure at the boiling temperature of water. Ex: Isolation of Citral
Steam Distillation
Genral Principle used in Distribution Law
Extraction
- A technique use to purify solid mixtures
- Transition of a solid into a gas w/out passing the liquid phase.
Sublimation
