Study Set Content:
Compounds that are achiral, yet contain chirality centers.
Meso compounds
- Are 50:50 mixtures of (+) and (-) enantiomers.
Racemates
Often denoted by the symbol (+/-) or by the prefix d,l to indicate that they contain equal amounts of dextrorotatory and levorotatory enantiomers.
Racemic Mixtures
Show no optical activity.
Racemic Mixtures
- Compounds that have the same molecular formula and different connectivity.
- If both molecules have the same count for all of the different atoms, and the atoms are arranged
Consitutional Isomers
Carbon skeletons
Functional groups
position or functional groups
Same connections, different spatial arrangement of atoms
Stereoisomers
nonsuperimposable mirror images
Enantiomers
all other stereoisomers
Includes cis, trans, and configurational
Diastereomers
- Composed of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons (HC)
2 types of hydrocarbons
- Aliphatic hydrocarbons
- Aromatic hydrocarbons or Arenes
Are hydrocarbons based on chains of C atoms.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
with only single covalent bonds.
Alkanes
contain one C–C double bond
Alkenes
contain a C–C triple bond.
Alkynes
Are compounds which contain ring of 3 or more carbon atoms which resemble aliphatic (acyclic) hydrocarbons in their properties
Alicyclic hydrocarbons
Alicyclic hydrocarbons classified into:
- Cycloalkanes
- Cycloalkenes
- Cycloalkynes
Physicochemical Properties of Aliphatic HC
- Most aliphatic hydrocarbons are highly flammable and readily react with oxygen in combustion reactions.
- Liquid aliphatic hydrocarbons have high vapor pressure.
- Nonpolar aliphatic hydrocarbons are compounds that have equal charge distribution across the molecule
