Study Set Content:
- A group 4A element.
- Can share 4 valence electrons and form 4 covalent bonds.
- Able to bond with one another to form long chains and rings.
- Only element that has the ability to form immense diversity of compounds.
Carbon
Atom is consist of
Nucleus and electron
- proton + neutron
- Contains essentially all the mass of the atom
Nucleus
The diameter of an atom is about
200 picometers
- Number of protons or electrons in an atom’s nucleus
Atomic number
Number of protons plus neutrons
Mass number
Weighted average mass in atomic mass units (amu) of an element’s naturally occurring isotope.
Atomic mass or atomic weight
Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers
Isotopes
Mathematical equation that describes the behavior of a specific electron in an atom.
wave equation
- spherical, nucleus at the center
s-orbbitals
- dumbbell-shaped, nucleus at the middle (px, py, or pz)
p-orbitals
- elongated dumbbell-shaped, nucleus at the center
d-orbitals
last type of orbitals
f-orbitals
Characteristics of orbitals
- Orbitals in an atom are organized into different electron shells
- Centered around the nucleus in shells of increasing size and energy
- Different shells contain different numbers and kinds of orbitals
- Each orbital can be occupied by two electrons
- Listing of orbitals occupied by an atom’s electrons
- Called lowest-energy arrangement
Ground-state electron configuration
- Lowest-energy orbitals fill first in the order of 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
- Lowest-energy orbitals fill first in the order of 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
- Electrons act as if they were spinning around an axis. Spin can have only two orientations, up and down. Only two electrons can occupy an orbital, and they must be of opposite spin.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
- If two or more empty orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons occupy each with parallel spins until all orbitals have one electron.
Hund’s Rule
independently proposed that, in all organic compounds, carbon is tetravalent. This means that it always form four bonds when it joins other elements.
August Kekule and Archibald Couper
proposed that the four bonds of Carbon are not oriented randomly but have specific directions.
Jacobus van’t Hoff and Joseph Le Bel
