Study Set Content:
(blank)metabolize drugs much faster than
mature female rats or prepubertal male rats.
Young adult male rats
These differences in drug metabolism have been clearly
associated with
androgenic hormones
Clinical reports suggest that similar sex-dependent
differences in drug metabolism also exist in humans for
ethanol, propranolol, some benzodiazepines,estrogens,
and salicylates
Many substrates, by virtue of their relatively high
lipophilicity, are not only retained at the active site of the
enzyme but remain nonspecifically bound to the
lipid
endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
this state, they may induce(blank)
particularly after repeated use.
microsomal enzymes,
Acutely, depending on the residual drug levels at the
active site, they also may competitively inhibit metabolism
of a
simultaneously administered drug
Enzyme-inducing drugs include various
sedative-
hypnotics, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, the
antitubercular drug rifampin, and insecticides
Patients who routinely ingest barbiturates, other sedative-
hypnotics, or certain antipsychotic drugs may require
considerably higher doses of (blank) to maintain a
therapeutic effect.
warfarin
The list of drugs subject to (blank) involving grapefruit juice
is extensive and includes many drugs with a very narrow
therapeutic index and a high potential for lethal adverse
reactions.
DDIs
Take note: grapefruit juices are equally potent, as
the CYP3A4 inactivation potency is totally dependent on
the amount of (blank) extracted into the juice
from the zest (highest), pith, and the pulp of the
grapefruit.
furanocoumarins
Furthermore, recovery from these interactions is
dependent on (blank) and thus may be slow.
CYP3A4 resynthesis
Some drugs require conjugation with (blank)such as GSH, glucuronic acid, or sulfate for
their inactivation.
endogenous
substrates
Consequently, different drugs may compete for the same
endogenous substrates, and the faster-reacting drug may
effectively deplete (blank) levels and impair
the metabolism of the slower reacting drug.
endogenous substrate
If the latter has a steep dose-response curve or a narrow
margin of safety, potentiation of its therapeutic and toxic
effects may
result
Acute or chronic diseases that affect liver architecture or
function markedly affect (blank) of some
drugs.
hepatic metabolism
Such conditions include
alcoholic hepatitis, active or
inactive alcoholic cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, chronic
active hepatitis, biliary cirrhosis, and acute viral or drug-
induced hepatitis.
Depending on their severity, these conditions may
significantly impair hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes,
particularly (blank), and thereby markedly
affect drug elimination.
microsomal oxidases
half-lives of (blank) in
patients with liver cirrhosis or acute viral hepatitis are
greatly increased, with a corresponding increase in their
effects.
chlordiazepoxide and diazepam
Consequently, these drugs may cause (blank) in patients
with liver disease when given in ordinary doses.
coma
Some drugs are metabolized so readily that even
marked reduction in liver function does not significantly
(blank) their action.
prolong
