Study Set Content:
Injection, USP
is also indicated for use as a
priming solution in hemodialysis
procedures.
0.9% Sodium Chloride
sodium chloride
equivalents
(E-values)
Agents that are added to injectable preparations
to prevent osmotic shock at the site of injection
upon administration, and thereby reduce local
irritation
Tonicity Agents
Typical excipients used for tonicity adjustment
include
saline, glycerin, mannitol, dextrose, and
trehalose.
a colligative property that depends
primarily on the number of dissolved particles in
solution.
Tonicity
can be used in isotonicity calculations
when the agent has a tonicic effect and does not
penetrate the biologic membranes in question
Freezing point
Freezing point of blood and lacrimal fluid is
-0.52
degrees centigrade is considerd as isotonic.
Strong electrolytes fall into three
categories
Strong acids
• Strong bases
• Salts(Salts are sometimes also called ionic
compounds)
substances or combinations of
substances in aqueous solution imparts to
the system the ability to maintain a desired
pH at a relatively constant level, even with
the addition of materials that may be
expected to change the hydrogen–ion
concentrationsubstances or combinations of
substances in aqueous solution imparts to
the system the ability to maintain a desired
pH at a relatively constant level, even with
the addition of materials that may be
expected to change the hydrogen–ion
concentration
Buffer
the ability to resist changes
in pH
Buffer pH
measures the efficiency
of a buffer
Buffer capacity
is a system usually
occurs as an aqueous
solutions that possess
the property of
resisting the pH with
the addition of minute
amount of an acid
and a base
Buffer Solutions
is a system usually
occurs as an aqueous
solutions that possess
the property of
resisting the pH with
the addition of minute
amount of an acid
and a base.
Buffer solutions
They adjust the pH of aqueous solutions
for applications that require predictable
stability and best clinical outcomes.
Buffer solutions
From a pharmacological perspective, it is
important to control the pH of a solution to
minimize drug degradation, to improve
patient comfort and compliance, and to
improve the efficacy of delivery.
Buffer solutions
as an ionic or molecular substance capable of
giving up a proton
Acid
as an ionic or molecular substance capable of
uniting with a proton
Base
(PROTON DONOR)
Acid
(PROTON ACCEPTOR)
Base
H2O, H2S, HCl and H2SO4
molecular acids
