Study Set Content:
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY
a. Vapor Pressure Lowering b. Boiling Point Elevation c. Freezing Point Depression d. Osmotic Pressure
BASIC PRINCIPLE ON MEASUREMENT 3 Things Necessary to Describe an Object
1. Numerical Value of the Property 2. Dimensions of the Property 3. Units which the Value is expressed
Lenght Symbol, cgs Unit, SI unit
L cm meter
Mass Symbol, cgs Unit, SI unit
M, g, kg
Time Symbol, cgs Unit, SI unit
t, sec, sec
Temperature Symbol, cgs Unit, SI unit
T,K, K
Derived Dimensions
Area
Volume
Density
Velocity
Acceleration
Force
Surface Tension
Energy
f one is to maintain a high degree of accuracy in the compounding of prescriptions, the manufacture of products on a large scale or the analysis of clinical or laboratory research results one must know how (blank) constant and accidental errors as far as possible.
locate and eliminate
Are those that although some can be avoided or determined and corrected, they are present in measurement and affect all observations of a series in the same way.
Determinate errors/ Constant errors
Occur by accident or chance, and they vary from one measurement to the next. - This are errors which cannot be allowed for or corrected because of the natural fluctuations that occur in all measurements
. Indeterminate errors
- Arise from random fluctuations in temperature, humidity, pressure
Indeterminate errors
Example: - errors inherent in a particular method used - errors in calibration and operation of the measuring instruments - impurities in the reagents and drugs - biased personal
Determinate errors/ Constant errors
is the measurement of the agreement of data
Precision
is the agreement between the data and the true value
Accuracy
Variability Measures for Dispersion
1. Range
2. Mean Deviation
3. Standard Deviation
4. Variance
5. Absolute Error
6. Relative error
- Particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element
Atom
- Particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element
Atom
- Consists of a central nucleus that is surrounded by one or more electrons
Atom
Subatomic Particles
1. Proton 2. Neutron 3. Electron
located in the nucleus
The protons and neutrons
