All or Nothing Principle of the Heart
= stimulation of any single atrial muscle fiber causes the action potential in entire atrial muscle
mass. The same in ventricles.
Syncytial nature of cardiac muscle.
5) The Rhythmicity
= regular alternation of contraction and relaxation
HR – reflects metabolic rate/weight
birds 800/min
mice 500
men 70
elephant 25-30
whale 10/min
Required conditions for the heart activity
1)
Temperature
- optimal for humans 37º
- lower: decreasing of activity
-
higher: increasing of activity + metabolic needs
2)
Metabolism
of the heart:
Aerobic
– without possibility to cover energy demands of anaerobic pathway (only 1% of the
total energy is provided by anaerobic metabolism).Lack of the O
2
debt.
Sources of energy
for heart: Lactate, pyruvate, fat, FFA, AA, ketones.
3)
Oxygen consumption:
10 ml/100 g/min, 35 ml/350 g/min = 10% of total O
2
consumption (250 ml/min). During physical work, 5x more
4)
Isoionia:
Isoionic – environment (including perfusion fluid)
Balance
between: Calcium and potassium
During Ca abundance –
rigor
During K abundance -
inhibition
5)
pH:
acidosis inhibition of the heart activity – heart
stops in diastole
alkalosis – heart stops in systole – rigor
The Cardiac Cycle
- the period from the end of one cardiac systole to the end of the next heart contraction.
1) Electrical cycle – depolarisation/repolarisation
2) Mechanical cycle – contraction/relaxation of cardiac muscle
Periods of the cardiac cycle
1) Filling of the atria – during diastole = venous return