- angiocardiography, coronarography - application of X-ray contrast material
2) Noninvasive methods:
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Electrocardiography
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Heart rate variability evaluation
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Auscultation of heart sounds
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Phonocardiography
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Echocardiography
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Polycardiography
Auscultation/registration of heart sounds
1st heart sound
– associated with:
1) closure of the AV valves at the beginning of systole
2) vibration of the walls of the heart and ejected blood
2nd heart sound
– result from closure of the semilunar valves and from reverberation of blood
back
3rd heart sound
– occasionally – at the beginning of the middle third of diastole – period of the
rapid filling of ventricles
4th
heart sound
– during atrial systole
The Phonocardiography
Recording of the heart sounds simultaneously with ECG
Advantages:
1) More exact analysis of the heart sounds and murmurs
2) A writing evidence
The time relationships between ECG and PhCG
Echocardiography
Pulses of ultrasonic waves are emitted and received by transducer.
Reflected ultrasound form the structures with different densities =
echo
f of ultrasound
> 20 kHz – in EchCG
2.25 MHz - in adults
4.4 MHz - in children
7 MHz - in newborns
Evaluation of the thickness and motions of the heart walls, septum and function of the valves
(mainly mitral) during the cardiac cycle. Valvular lesions.
Polycardiography
Simultaneous registration of: 1) ECG
2) PhCG
3) Arterial pulse
4) Venous pulse
5) Pressure curves (ao, LV, RV, PA ...)