Cardiac Output
- of the LV = the quantity of blood pumped by the LV/min
- of the RV = the quantity of blood pumped by the RV/min
CO
LV
= CO
RV
!!!
CO = SV x f
= 70 ml x 72 = 5000 ml/min
Normal values – 5-6 l/min
Cardiac Index (CI)
= CO/m
2
= 3 – 3.2 l/min/m
2
Stroke volume
= volume of blood ejected per systole
Changes in CO
by changes in SV, or f, or both
Change in SV
End diastolic volume (EDV) – approx. 150 ml
End systolic volume (ESV) - 70 ml
More effective contractions – positive inotropic effect – ESV – functional reserve for the SV and
CO increase
Change in f – heart rate
up to a critical level (180/min – in adults)
Cardiac Output Changes
Effect of age – CI in 10 years – 4 l/min/m
2
80 - 2 l/min/m
2
Effect of exercise – CO can rise to 30-35 l/min
Effects of metabolism – CO proportional to M
Effect of gravity - +40 - +80 %
Effect of posture – Co falls about 20 %
Measurement of Cardiac Output
1)
Direct method: electromagnetic flowmeter
2)
Indirect methods:
a) Fick´s method
b) Indicator dilution methods
- using dyes
- thermal dilution - intermittent
- continuous infusion
c) Doppler´s method
d) echocardiography
e) bioimpendance method
Methods for heart examination
1) Invasive – cardiac catheterization (Forssmann 1929):
- Measurement of pressure in atria, ventricles, aorta, pulmonary
artery
- application of dyes ...