Measurement of BP
Methods: - direct
- indirect
Direct methods: Hales 1773
Catheterization – electronic manometers with transducers
Indirect methods:
- Palpation (Riva – Rocci)
- Auscultatory (Korotkoff)
- Oscillometric (Pachon, electronic-digital)
Principles for accurate measurement of BP
Patient: should rest undisturbed in a quiet, comfortable setting at room temperature for at least 5-
15 minutes. To avoid physical activity, food consumption, smoking, caffeine ingestion and
emotional stress for at least half an hour before measurement.Full bladder or bowel can cause an
increase in BP. Nonconstring clothing – with no sleeves. Children – should be given sufficient
time to recover from crying.
„White – coat hypertension“ – physicians cause + 27/15. Measurement at home.
Recommendations for observer measuring BP
- Have normal hearing and vision, be trained in the technique for measurement BP
- Support the patient´s arm – the antecubital fossea at heart luvel
- Chair with back and arm support when the patient is sitting
- Use an appropriately sized cuff
- Check the BP by palpation before auscultation
- Deflate the cuff 2-3 mmHg/s
- Use the 1st and 5th Korotkoff sounds to determine BP syst. and BP diast.
- Allow 1-2 min. between readings
- Take readings with the patient in the lying or sitting position and in the standing position
- Assess the BP at least 3x over 3-6 months among patients with midly
elevated BP
BP depends on:
1) Heart activity
2) Vascular resistance
3) Volume and viscosity of blood
4) Compression vessels by different organs and pressures (e.g. intraabdominal)
5) Hydrostatic pressure – effect of gravity
1)Heart activity
CO = SV x f
Increase in SV → increase mainly BP syst.
Increase in f (HR) → increase mainly BP diast.