2)Vascular resistance
increase → rise mainly BP diast.
3)Volume and viscosity of blood
a)Volume – hypovolemia/hypervolemia: hypotension/hypertension
b) Viscosity – the greater the viscosity, the less the flow in a vessel.
The viscosity of blood at normal hematocrit is about 3 (R for blood is 3x the R for water flow),
at Ht 60-70 is viscosity about 10x that – of water – slow and difficult flow perfusion.
4)Compression of vessels by different organs and pressures
Compression by skeletal muscles, intraabdominal pressure ...
Coughing, defecation, delivery ...Transmission of the pressure to vessels.
5)Effect of gravity – hydrostatic pressure
In standing person the magnitude of the gravitional effect is 0.77 mmHg of height.
BP is increased by 0.77 mmHg for each cm below the RA and decreased by 0.77 mmHg for each
cm above the RA.
Arterial BP in the foot = 100 + (0.77 x 105 cm) = 180 mmHg
Venous BP - “ - = 7 + - “ - = 87 mmHg
Physiological Changes in BP
1) Effect of age and sexual differences
Newborns, children, sexual differentiation in the pubertal age, BP in old subjects.
2) Postural effects
Orthostasis, klinostasis
3)
Effects of organ activities
a) breathing – fluctuation of BP
b) GIT – food consumption, increase in BP syst., BP diast. unchanged, or decreased
c) CNS – sleep (REM/non REM)
d) skeletal muscles – exercise, physical work
Vascular Resistance
- the impediment to blood flow in a vessel
P BP
R = ––– = –––
F F
BP
ao.mean
- BP
RA
100 – Ø mmHg
Total SVR = ––––––––––––– = ––––––––––––– =
F
ao
5 l/min
= 20 mmHg/l/min