PHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Physiology of the Heart
Heart rate = 70/min, 100 000/day, 5 1/min, 4 500 l/day
Morphology of the heart:
2 separate pumps – right/left
Each – from 2 pumps – atria/vetricle
Endocardium
Myocardium – heart muscle
Pericardium
Histology:
Arrangement of the cardiac muscle fibers (lattice-work)
Cardiac muscle – sui generis –
- striated as skeletal muscle
- syncytium – as smooth muscle
Cells – cylindric, length 50-100 µm , thickness 10-20 microns, intercalated discs (mechanical +
electrical connection = functional syncytium).
Physiological Properties of the Heart
1) Automatic (autonomic) function
2) Conductivity
3) Excitability
4) Contractility
5) Rhytmicity
1) Automatic Function
= ability to work also after an isolation
Principle - existence of primary centre of automatic function – the sino-atrial node – special
excitatory system of the heart
Necessity to fulfil some condition (temperature, humidity, supply – O
2
, energ. substances,
transport away- metabolites...)
2) Conductivity
The special conductive system of the heart:
SA node
– Keith-Flack´s node (1907) – pacemaker
3 mm wide, 1 cm long – in the posterior wall of the right atrium (at the junction of v. cava sup.
with RA). The fibers are only 3-5 microns in diameter.