Study Set Content:
water
itself can act as
weak acid or weak base (dilution value)
signifies that the pH rises
Positive dilution value:
signifies that the pH decreases
Negative dilution value:
Factors Influencing the pH of Buffer Solutions
a. Addition of Neutral salts
b. Addition of water in moderate amounts
c. Temperature
Buffer is most efficient:
• When the concentration of the salt is equal to that of the
acid
Efficiency of a buffer increase as the value of log of the ratio of the concentration of salt and acid is equal to
zero
Pharmaceutical solutions that we are meant for the application
to delicate membranes of the body should also be adjusted to
approximately the same osmotic pressure as that of the body
fluids.
Buffered Isotonic Solutions
Should be restricted solutions having equal osmotic
pressures with respect to a particular membrane.
Isotonic
Solutions contain a higher concentration of impermeable
solutes that the cytosol of the RBC; shrinks/crenation.
Hypertonic
Contains a lesser concentration of such solutes than the
RBC cytosol and fluid flows into the cells where they swell
and potentially burst.
Hypotonic
is plotted against the molal concentration of both
electrolyes and nonelectrolytes in the following figure.
i factor
For nonelectrolytes, i is seen to approach unity, and for strong
electrolytes, it tends towards a value equal to the number of ions
formed upon dissociation e.g. I approaches the value of 2 for
solutes such as NaCl and CaSO4, 3 for K2SO4 and CaCl2, and 4
for FeCl3.
For nonelectrolytes, i is seen to approach unity, and for strong
electrolytes, it tends towards a value equal to the number of ions
formed upon dissociation e.g. I approaches the value of 2 for
solutes such as NaCl and CaSO4, 3 for K2SO4 and CaCl2, and 4
for FeCl3.
The study of the flow of the materials that behave in an
interesting or unusual manner.
• Rheology
In rheology, we study the flows of
unusual materials
Oil and water flow in familiar, normal ways, whereas
mayonnaise, peanut butter, chocolate, bread dough, in silly
putty flow in
complex and unusual ways.
All normal or Newtonian fluids (air, water, oil, honey) follow the
same
scientific laws
On the other hand, there are also fluids that do not follow the
Newtonian flow laws.
mayonnaise, paint, molten
plastics, foams, clays, and many other fluids, behave in a wide
variety of ways
Non-Newtonian fluids:
Is an expression of the resistance of a fluid to flow; the higher
the viscosity, the greater is the resistance
Viscosity
Is widely used to study polymers.
Rheology
