1. (iii) POSOLOGY
Posology is derived from the Greek word posos meaning how much and logos meaning science.
So posology is the branch of medicine dealing with doses.
The optimum dose of a drug varies from patient to patient. The following are some of the
factors that influence the dose of a drug.
1. Age:
Human beings can be categorized into the following age groups:
1. Neonate: From birth up to 30days.
2. Infant: Up to 1 year age
3. Child in between 1 to 4 years
4. Child in between 5 to 12 years.
5. Adult
6. Geriatric (elderly) patients
In children the enzyme systems in the liver and renal excretion remain less developed.
So all the dose should be less than that of an adult. In elderly patients the renal functions
decline. Metabolism rate in the liver also decreases. Drug absorption from the intestine
becomes slower in elderly patients. So in geriatric patients the dose is less and should be
judiciously administered.
2. Sex
: Special care should be taken while administering any drug to a women during
menstruation, pregnancy and lactation. Strong purgatives should not be given in menstruation
and pregnancy. Antimalarials, ergot alkaloids should not be taken during pregnancy to avoid
deformation of foetus. Antihistaminic and sedative drugs are not taken during breast feeding
because these drugs are secreted in the milk and the child may consume them.
3. Body size
: It influences the concentration of drug in the body. The average adult dose is
calculated for a person with 70kg body weight (BW). For exceptionally obese (fat) or lean (thin)
patient the dose may be calculated on body weight basis.
Another method of dose calculation is according to the body surface area (BSA). This method is
more accurate than the body weight method.
The body surface area (BSA) of an individual can be obtained from the following formula:
BSA (m
2
) = BW(kg)
0.425
x Height (cm)
0.725
x 0.007184
4. Route of administration
In case of intravenous injection the total drugs reaches immediately to the systemic circulation
hence the dose is less in i.v. injection than through oral route or any other route.