5. Time of administration
The drugs are most quickly absorbed from empty stomach. The presence of food in the
stomach delays the absorption of drugs. Hence a potent drug is given before meal. An irritant
drug is given after meal so that the drug is diluted with food and thus produce less irritation.
6. Environmental factors
Stimulant types of drug are taken at day time and sedative types of drugs are taken at night. So
the dose of a sedative required in day time will be much higher than at night.
Alcohol is better tolerated in winter than in summer.
7. Psychological state
Psychological state of mind can affect the response of a drug, e.g. a nervous and anxious
patient requires more general anaesthetics. Placebo is an inert substance that does not contain
any drug. Commonly used placebos are lactose tablets and distilled water injections. Some time
patients often get some psychological effects from this placebo. Placebos are more often used
in clinical trials of drugs.
8. Pathological states (i.e. Presence of disease)
Several diseases may affect the dose of drugs:
In gastrointestinal disease like achlorhydria (reduced secretion of HCl acid in the stomach) the
absorption of aspirin decreases.
In liver disease (like liver cirrhosis) metabolism of some drugs (like morphine, pentobarbitone
etc.) decreases.
In kidney diseases excretion of drugs (like aminoglycosides, digoxin, phenobarbitone) are
reduced, so less dose of the drugs should be administered.
9. Accumulation
Any drug will accumulate in the body if the rate of absorption is more than the rate of
elimination. Slowly eliminated drugs are often accumulated in the body and often causes
toxicity e.g. prolonged use of chloroquin causes damage to retina.
10. Drug interactions
Simultaneous administration of two drugs may result in same or increased or decrease effects.
Drug administration with
dose
Pharmacological
effect
Drug A
Effect A