to form flake-like particles, while vegetables drugs have a cellular structure often
leading to long fibrous particles
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Moisture content influences a number of properties that can affect size reduction, like
hardness, toughness or stickness.
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Purity required, certain types of size reduction apparatus cause the griding surfaces to
wear, and such methods must be avoided if a high degree of purity of product is
needed.
Step (2) Preparing a homogenous mixture:
The powders may be mixed by any one of the following methods:
Spatulation, Trituration, Geometric dilution, Sifting and Tumbling
a. Spatulation:
In this method, mixing of powders is done by the movement of a spatula throughout the
powders on a sheet of a paper or on a porcelain tile. The method is very useful in mixing a small amount
of powder or solid substances that liquiefy (eutectic mixtures)
b. Trituration:
It is used for both reduce particle size and mix powders. If the particle size reduction is desired
along with mixing of powders, a porcelain mortar with a rough inner surface is preferred to glass mortar
with a smooth working surface.
c. Geometric dilution:
The method is used when potent substances are too mixed with a large amount of diluent. The
potent drug is placed upon an approximately equal volume of the dilute in a mortar and the substances
are slightly mixed by trituration. A second portion of diluent equal in volume to the powder mixture in
the mortar is added and trituration is repeated. The process is continued adding diluent equal in volume
to the mixture in the mortar at each step until all the diluent is incorporated. For example, if 100mg of
potent drug is required to be mixed with 900mg of lactose then according to geometric dilution, the
following procedure should be followed:- 100mg of potent drug + 100mg of lactose = 200mg of mixture,
200mg of the mixture + 200 mg of lactose= 400 mg of mixture 400mg of the mixture + 400mg of lactose
=800mg of mixture 800mg of the mixture + remaining portion = 1000mg of mixture of lactose
d. Sifting:
The powders are mixed by passing through sifters. This process results in alight fluffy product
and is generally not acceptable for incorporation of potent drugs into a diluent base
e. Tumbling:
It is the process of mixing powders in a large container rotated by an electric motor. These
blenders are widely employed in industry as large volume powder mixers Equipment’s used in powder