For example:
Rx
Aspirin 250mg
Paracetamol 150mg
Caffeine 50mg
Method: Powder each ingredient and weigh required quantities. Mix them in geometrical proportional
and supply in divided doses. Wrap each dose in a doublewrapped paper.
Preparation of powders
.
Step (1) Particle size reduction:
For the preparation of powder, each ingredient should be needed in finely ground form; hence
manufacture must use a number of procedures and equipment to reduce the particle size of powder
ingredients, this process is called as comminution. The most common method used for particle size
reduction is powder formulation is trituration, which involves placing the solid in a mortar and
continually grinding the chemical between the mortar and the pestle using a firm, downward pressure.
The powder must be frequently scraped from the sides of the mortar to ensure that all particles are
evenly reduced and mixed. A levigating agent, such as glycerin, may be added to the solid and processed
by either continued trituration or by placing the mixture on an ointment slab and using spatulation to
wet the solid and further reduce the particle size of a powder after it has been triturated.
In laboratory scale
Trituration, Pulverization and Levigation
In industrial scale
Bowl chopper, Hammer mill, Roller mills, Attrition mill, Colloid mill, Ball mill etc.
Advance size reduction technologies
Microfluidics particle reduction
Factors affecting size reduction of powder materials:
➢
Hardness or strength of the compound, the harder the material the more difficult it is
reduce the size Toughness is more important than hardness; a soft but tough material
may present more problems in size reduction than a hard or brittle substance.
➢
Toughness is encountered in many pharmaceutical materials, particularly in fibrous
drugs and is often related to moisture content.
➢
Stickness is property that causes considerable difficulty in size reduction, for material
may adhere to the grinding surfaces, or the meshes of the screen may become choked
or if the material gummy or resinous may be troublesome to the size reduction process
it can be overcome by addition of inert substances such as kaolin to sulphur.
➢
Softening temperature during the process of size reduction heat is generated which
cause some substances to soften like waxy compounds stearic acids, drugs containing
oils or fats. To overcome this problem by cooling the mill, either by water jacket or by
passing stream of air through the equipment’s
➢
Material substance, all substances are not homogeneous in character some show special
structure like mineral substance may have lines of weakness along with material splits