Study Set Content:
John Snow, waterborne cholera in London: the Board street pump, Father of Epidemiology: founded the science of epidemiology
1854
Louis Pasteur proposed the Germ Theory and disproved the spontaneous generation of life.
1858
Charles Darwin Publishes the Origin of species
1859
the perceptions and experiences of people as to their ease in reaching health services or health facilities in terms of location, time, and ease of approach.
Access (to health services):
aspects of the structure of health services or health facilities that enhance the ability of people to reach a health care practitioner, in terms of location, time, and ease of approach
Accessibility (of health services):
the result of the process which ensures that health actors take responsibility of what they are obliged to do and are made answerable for their actions.
Accountability:
is a formal process by which a recognized body, usually a non‐ governmental organization, assesses and recognizes that a health care organization meets applicable pre‐determined and published standards
Accrediation
"the degree to which a measurement or an estimate based on measurements represents the true value of the attribute that is being measured.
Accuracy
i) care that meets the health needs of the entire population; (ii) care that is effective and based on the best available scientific evidence; (iii) interventions that are safe and that do not cause any harm or suffering; and priorities for the allocation and organization of resources that are based on equity and economic efficiency.11
Appropriate care
“a formal process of evaluation of a process or system, preferably quantitative, but sometimes necessarily qualitative.”
Assessment
(i) a measurement or point of reference at the beginning of an activity which is used for comparison with subsequent measurements of the same variable; (ii) unacceptable standard in evaluation”
Benchmark
: a measurement of the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives into old age, free of disease and disability
Burden of disease
provision of continuous care across different services through the integration and coordination of needs and resources around the patient. The fundamental difference with disease management is that it focuses more on individual patients and their families than on the population of patients with a certain disease
Case management
health services that are managed so as to ensure that people receive a continuum of health promotion, disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management, rehabilitation and palliative care services, through the different levels and sites of care within the health system, and according to their needs throughout the life course.
Comprehensive Health Services
a term used to indicate one or more of the following attributes of care: the provision of services that are coordinated across levels of care ‐ primary care and referral facilities, across settings and providers; (the provision of care throughout the life cycle; care that continues uninterrupted until the resolution of an episode of disease or risk; the degree to which a series of discrete health care events are experienced by people as coherent and interconnected over time, and are consistent with their health needs and preferences
Continuity of care
a comparison of costs and achieved benefits, where both costs and benefits are expressed in monetary terms.
Cost benefit analysis
political reform designed to promote local autonomy, decentralization entails changes in authority and financial responsibility for health services. Hence, decentralization can have a large impact on health service performance. There are several forms of decentralization affecting the health sector in different ways: (i) deconcentration, which transfers authority and responsibility from the central level of the Ministry of Health to its field offices; (ii) delegation, which transfers authority and responsibility from the central level of the Ministry of Health to organizations not directly under its control; (iii) devolution, which transfers authority and responsibility from the central level of the Ministry of Health to lower level autonomous units of government; (iv) privatization, which involves the transfer of ownership and government functions from public to private bodies, which may consist of voluntary organizations and for‐profit and not‐for‐profit private organizations, with varying degree of government regulation
Decentralization
coordinated information and intervention system for populations that suffer from diseases that share the value of self‐care in their treatment and control. They focus on patients with specific diagnoses; they target diseases that are highly prevalent, that require intensive or high‐ cost care, or that represent high drug costs; and they focus on interventions whose results can be measured and for which significant variations in clinical practice have been described.
Disease Management:
a network of primary care health facilities that deliver a comprehensive range of promotive, preventive and curative health care services to a defined population with active participation of the community and under the supervision of a district hospital and district health management team.
District health system
the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems
Epidemiology
