Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans
28
short or exceeding by a parallelogram similar to a given one. (In
modern terms, solve
b
c
x
2
+
ax
=
d
.)
6.5
Other Pythagorean Geometry
We know from from Eudemus that the Pythagoreans discovered the
result that the sum of the angles of any triangle is the sum of two right
angles. However, if Thales really did prove that every triangle inscribed
in a right triangle is a right triangle,
he surely would have noted the result
for right triangles. This follows directly
from observing that the base angles of
the isosceles traingles formed from the
center as in the figure just to the right.
The proof for any triangle follows
directly. However, Eudemus notes
A
B
C
O
a different proof. This proof requires the “alternating interior angles”
theorem. That is:
Theorem.
(Euclid,
The Elements
Book
I, Proposition 29.)
A straight line
falling on parallel straight lines make
the alternate angles equal to one
another, the exterior angle equal to the
interior and opposite angle, and the
interior angles on the same side equal
to two right angles.
A
B
C
D
E
From this result and the figure just above, note that the angles
/
ABD
=
/
CAB
and /
CBE
=
/
ACB
. The result follows.
The quadrature of certain
lunes
(crescent shaped regions) was
performed by
Hippocrates of Chios
. He is also credited with the
arrangement of theorems in an order so that one may be proved from a
previous one (as we see in Euclid).