Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans
7
•
The number
four
: the number of justice or retribution.
•
The number
five
: marriage.
•
The number
six
: creation
...
•
The number
ten
: the
tetractys
, the number of the universe.
The Pythagoreans expended great effort to form the numbers from
a single number, the Unit, (i.e. one). They treated the unit, which is a
point without position, as a point, and a point as a unit having position.
The unit was not originally considered a number, because a measure is
not the things measured, but the measure of the One is the beginning
of number.
6
This view is reflected in Euclid
7
where he refers to the
multitude as being comprised of units, and a unit is that by virtue of
which each of existing things is called one. The first definition of
number is attributed to Thales, who defined it as a collection of units,
clearly a derivate based on Egyptians arithmetic which was essentially
grouping. Numerous attempts were made throughout Greek history to
determine the root of numbers possessing some consistent and satisfying
philosophical basis. This argument could certainly qualify as one of the
earliest forms of the philosophy of mathematics.
The greatest of the numbers, ten, was so named for several rea-
sons. Certainly, it is the base of Egyptian and Greek counting. It also
contains the ratios of musical harmonies: 2:1 for the octave, 3:2 for the
fifth, and 4:3 for the fourth. We may also note the only regular figures
known at that time were the equilateral triangle, square, and pentagon
8
were also contained by within
tetractys
. Speusippus (d. 339 BCE)
notes the geometrical connection.
Dimension:
One point
: generator of dimensions (point).
Two points
: generator of a line of dimension one
6
Aristotle,
Metaphysics
7
The Elements
8
Others such as the hexagon, octagon, etc. are easily constructed regular polygons with
number of sides as multiples of these. The 15-
gon
, which is a multiple of three and
Þ
ve sides
is also constructible. These polygons and their side multiples by powers of two were all those
known.