Study Set Content:
The amount of heat energy necessary to change the
temperature of a sample measured over a range
of temperatures as the sample is heated.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC):
Elemental analysis:
● Inductively Coupled Plasma with various forms
of detection Optical emission
spectrophotometry (ICP-OES) or
ICP with mass
spectral detection (ICP-MS):
is widely
used for inorganic elemental analysis, including
nickel, phosphorous, sodium, magnesium,
copper, and many more.
ICP-OES
Electron beams are targeted at the
surface of a non-volatile solid material under
vacuum, resulting in the emission of X-rays that
are measured by a detector.
Energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EDXA or
EDS):
Different elements
have different
X-ray emissions
This technique is
typically used for evaluation of heavier
elements, and especially heavy metals.
Energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EDXA or
EDS):
This uses electricity to measure the concentration of an
ion.
Ion selective electrodes (ISE):
is a common, yet
complex approach for compound structure
elucidation.
X-ray diffraction (XRD
In most solid materials that are
crystalized, x-rays are diffracted by the _____ in
the sample.
atoms
The diffraction pattern can be used
to determine the _____ of a
compound, evaluate macromolecules, and
confirm sample quality.
crystal structure
CHROMATOGRAPHY
High performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC):
separates compounds based on their weight and affinity to certain small particles in an array of specialty
chromatography columns that the lab scientists will select along with instrument conditions for
optimal accuracy, sensitivity on analyte(s) of interest for prescribed monograph or client parameters.
Chromatography
measures gaseous compounds
based on volatility but also functional groupings
can be elucidated with a variety of preparations
methods
gas chromatography
are typically used for targeted
analysis and quantification of marker
compounds specific to the product in
monograph testing and are often coupled to a
mass spectrometry instrument for more detailed
identification at ppm and ppb levels in some
cases.
HPLC and GC
measures the movement
of compounds in a liquid form,
Liquid chromatography
(HPTLC)
High performance thin layer chromatography
is a modern version of TLC,
which is one of the first compound separation
techniques.
HPTLC
produces very reproducible
results that are easy to compare for sample
authentication.
HPTLC
SPECTROSCOPY
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)
and near IR (NIR):
is passed through a sample and the transmitted
radiation that is not absorbed is measured with
a detector.
IR radiation (or near IR)
