(b)
amino group properly drawn;
acid group properly drawn;
C with H and R group attached; (no labels are required)
eg
2
H
N
H
C
C
O
OH
R
H
;
Award [2] if three are correct, [1 max] if two are correct and
[0] if one is correct.
N.B . A condensed formula is acceptable which shows H
2
N-
and -COOH instead of the expanded amino group and
carboxyl group attached to the central carbon atom; N atom of
amino group must be joined to central C atom.
(c)
each enzyme has an optimum pH where enzyme functions best / drawing of
bell curve with optimal pH labelled;
changes in pH (from optimum pH) decrease activity / effectiveness;
pH slightly changes the shape of the active site / tertiary structure of protein
changed / enzyme denatured;
more difficult to form enzyme-substrate complex;
2 max
N.B . Accept above marking points if given through a specific
example such a s pepsinogen conversion to pepsin when
pH is lowered.
(d)
microvilli increase surface area of absorption;
epithelium / one layer of cells provides a thin layer to enhance absorption /
small distance for diffusion;
protein channels (in membrane of microvilli) allow facilitated diffusion;
mitochondria (for energy) present for active transport;
blood capillaries close to epithelium / surface membrane reduce distance /
increase speed for diffusion;
blood capillaries carry away glucose / amino acids / nutrients;
lacteal carry away fats / fatty acids / glycerol;
3 max
Accept any of the above points in a clearly drawn annotated
diagram.
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