Study Set Content:
Refers to a class of liquid organic chemicals of variable lipophilicity and volatility, small molecular size, and lack of charge. • Undergo ready absorption across the lung, skin, and gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
SOLVENT
Lipophilicity of solvents() with increasing molecular weight, while volatility ().
increases,
• Most solvents are refined from (). • Classified largely according to ()()
petroleum, molecular structure or functional group.
Main Determinants of Solvent’s Inherent Toxicity:
o Number of() atoms o Whether it is () or has double or triple bonds between adjacent carbon atoms o Its configuration (i.e., straight chain, branched chain, or cyclic) o Whether it is () o The presence of ()groups
carbon, saturated, halogenated, functional
Most solvent exposures involve a mixture of chemicals, rather than a single compound. Whereas the assumption is frequently made that the toxic effects of multiple solvents are (), solvents may also interact synergistically or antagonistically
additive
Factors Whether Adverse Health Effects Occur:
o() of the solvent
o Exposure ()
o()()of exposure
o () of exposure
o Individual()
o Interactions with other chemicals
Toxicity/carcinogenicity, route , Amount or rate , Duration, susceptibility
Is there a solvent-induced chronic encephalopathy? ➢ Low-level exposure to virtually any solvent or solvent mixture can produce a pattern of neurologic dysfunction referred to as ().
painter’s syndrome, organic solvent syndrome, psycho-organic syndrome, and chronic solvent encephalopathy
Characterized by nonspecific symptoms (e.g., headache, fatigue, and sleep disorders) with or without changes in neuropsychological function.
CHRONIC SOLVENT ENCEPHALOPATHY (CSE)
Reversible form of CSE, the () syndrome, consists of symptoms only.
neurasthenic
Are volatile substances that can be inhaled to induce a psychoactive or mind-altering effect with vapor concentrations high enough to produce effects that resemble alcohol intoxication and may lead to unconsciousness.
INHALANTS
Is a unique exposure situation, in that participants repeatedly subject themselves to vapor concentrations high enough to produce effects as extreme as unconsciousness.
SOLVENT ABUSE
Majority are volatilized when products containing them (e.g., aerosol propellants, paint thinners, cleaners, and soil fumigants) are used as intended.
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCS)
Atmospheric concentrations of most VOCs are usually extremely () , though higher concentrations have been measured in () areas, around petrochemical plants, and in the immediate vicinity of hazardous waste sites.
Low, urban
Concentrations diminish rapidly after VOCs enter bodies of water, due primarily to
dilution and evaporation
in surface waters rise to the surface or sink to the bottom, according to their density
VOC
VOCs on the surface will largely
evaporate
VOCs on the bottom depend on ()in the water or mixing by current or wave action to reach the surface.
solubilization
VOCs in groundwater tend to remain () until the water reaches the surface.
trapped
() the uptake and disposition of chemicals in the body. • Toxicity is a dynamic process, in which the degree and duration of injury on a target tissue depends on the () of toxicodynamic (TD) and TK processes including systemic absorption, metabolism, interaction with cellular components, and tissue repair.
Delineate, net effect
Two important properties of solvents that govern their absorption and deposition in the body
VOLATILITY AND LIPOPHILICITY
