Study Set Content:
The meat of the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) and the pacific sleeper shark (Somniosus pacificus) contains(), which breaks down to trimethylamine in the gut, probably by enteric bacteria.
trimethylamine oxide
Is due to toxins produced by C. botulinum and C. butyricum in improperly canned foods. • Interferes with acetylcholine at peripheral nerve endings, leading to respiratory distress and respiratory paralysis. C. perfringens
Botulism
Food poisoning occurs when meat has been contaminated with intestinal contents at slaughter, and then roasted and inadequately stored, allowing C. perfringens to grow and elaborate its toxin.
BOTULISM
• Makes two toxins; one causes vomiting and is elaborated in improperly prepared rice, whereas the other causes vomiting and can be present in various foods.
Bacillus Cereus
Which is normal flora of human skin and nasal discharge, produces a wide variety of endo and exotoxins.
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Are natural reservoirs of Escherichia coli; outbreaks of E. coli are associated with improperly prepared beef as well as unpasteurized juices and raw vegetables from plants fertilized with manure
Cattles
or Mad cow disease is transmitted by an infectious protein called a prion.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
To assess airborne exposures, personal samples taken in the() are generally used. Repeated random sampling is usually the best approach to developing unbiased measures of exposure.
breathing zone
Generally ()expensive and() invasive. o Spatial, temporal, and work practice associations can be established by air monitoring and can suggest () interventions and engineering controls. o Allows one to () workplace exposure by route through selective air monitoring in the breathing zone of the worker and dermal dosimetry using absorptive material affixed to the workers’ skin or clothing.
less , better, quantify
Fully()sampling and analysis method requires: o () of the sampling methods o Sample()()()procedures o The () method and measurement technique
validated , Specification, duration, handling, and storage , analytic
o The range, precision, accuracy, bias, and () of detection o () issuesKnown interference
limits, Quality assurance
Biomonitoring consists of the measurement of()()() of effect in specimens from humans or animals, including urine, blood, feces, exhaled breath, hair, fingernails or toenails, bronchial lavage, breast milk, and adipose tissue. o May serve as biomarkers of exposure, biologic effect, or susceptibility
toxicants, their metabolites, or molecular signatures
Biomonitoring data provide a measurement of exposure based on (), or the amount of chemical stored in one or in several body compartments or in the whole body, and, thus, account or all exposures by all routes or the assessed analyte.
internalized dose
Measured biomarker may reflect the amount of chemical() shortly before sample collection.
absorbed
It may reflect exposure during the () day, as with the measurement of a metabolite in blood or urine collected after the end of exposure.
preceding
For toxicants with a long biologic half-life, the measured parameter may reflect exposure accumulated over a period of ()()
weeks or months
may refer to the amount of chemical stored in one or in several body compartments or in the whole body (the body burden).
Internal dose
Biologic parameter of exposure is more directly related to the () o Accounts or uptake by () exposure routes
adverse health effects, all
o Test the ()efficacy of personal protective equipment o () may be expressed in the biologic sample
overall , Nonoccupational exposures
Several factors can influence uptake:
o Personal hygiene o Individual variation in the absorption rate of chemicals through the lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal tract.
